Livestock Nutrition and Feeding Methods

Purpose-built portal frames, purpose-built mono pitches, individual or paired hutches, group hutches or igloos, general purpose buildings, lightweight structures (such as a polytunnel), and low-cost/temporary calf structures (such as utilising old buildings or covered bale pens).

Pros: Improved calf health. Cons: Higher labor input, space requirements, and costs.

To ensure that they receive adequate colostrum, calves are individually penned for the first few days after birth.

<p>Group housing is encouraged for welfare reasons to allow for reduced labor input and space requirements, therefore reduced costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolation pens are important to reduce the spread of disease/infection and to allow for efficient treatment of a sick calf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calves greater than 8 weeks old can only be kept in individual pens if a vet certifies that its health or behavior requires it to be isolated in order to receive treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that they receive adequate colostrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From seven days of age, calves are usually group penned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.8-0.9kg a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hair in nasal cavity, ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, pattern recognition receptors, and antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiates immune responses to antigens and pathogens on mucosal surfaces, stops progression of microbes further into the body, and transports antigens across the epithelium to be taken up by antigen-presenting cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term stress can have immuno-enhancing effects, while long-term stress suppresses the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calf pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.0-1.4kg a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protecting the nasopharynx and upper respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humidity, temperature, air speed, dust, and dangerous/infectious gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stack effect is the movement of air caused by thermal differences, creating a current of air where colder (denser) air enters at the bottom and warmer (less dense) air rises and escapes. This creates a negative pressure within the building, drawing in cold air at the bottom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focus on mixing fresh air with current air, design new buildings to catch wind during the summer and block exposure during the winter, and consider fan-assisted ventilation if natural ventilation alone is not sufficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bovine respiratory disease scoring system assists in the early identification of affected animals during outbreaks, helping practitioners make decisions about individual or group level treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Herd Health Plan is a way of organizing disease prevention strategies and monitoring animal health and productivity. It should include treatments, potential risks, and disease prevention strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccination or anthelmintics are used for controlling lungworm infections in herds or flocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two doses of irradiated infective larvae are administered 4 weeks apart, with the second dose given at least 2 weeks before the start of grazing or exposure to probable infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Edema and neutrophils fill alveoli and bronchioles, air cannot enter affected alveoli, diffusion distance of air is increased, and surface area of alveoli is decreased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some challenges include evolving farmers' needs, lack of protection for the advisory role, availability of various sources of animal health advice, and readily available purchase of pharmaceuticals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Veterinary Surgeons Act does not include a specific description of the advisory roles of a production vet, causing a lack of confidence in giving instruction to a farmer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Client confidentiality can be breached unintentionally through discussing a client's case with unauthorized individuals or disclosing client information in a public setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Readily available purchase of pharmaceuticals may lead to farmers prioritizing accessibility and affordability over animal health, which can be problematic for the advisory role of a vet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communication skills are key in building a relationship with the farmer, establishing effective collaboration, and achieving common goals more efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper critical temp: 25-26 °C Lower critical temp: 10-15°C (0-3 weeks), 6-10°C (&gt;3 weeks)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid increasing humidity, use easily cleaned materials, clean and disinfect equipment, apply veterinary approved vaccination protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considerations include environmental destruction, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainable ruminant production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ruminants convert renewable resources into edible food, utilize nutrients in by-products, and satisfy food safety and security while protecting the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feeding: receives colostrum within 6 hours of birth, Housing: removed from mother to join other calves in rearing pens within 48 hours, Hygiene: regularly clean feeding and housing equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutritional requirements include receiving colostrum, milk feeding, access to clean water, starter concentrate pellets, and grain feeds for rumen development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Milk replacers have less fat and more lactose, offer consistency in composition, convenience, and reduce disease transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grouping calves into large groups at younger ages with automated feeding can increase weight gains, intake of solid feed, and aid in the behavioural and social development of calves.</p> Signup and view all the answers