Nutrition and Digestive System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a key cause of indigestion?

  • Lying down soon after meals. (correct)
  • Eating too many fruits.
  • Drinking large quantities of water.
  • Chewing food thoroughly.

    • Which of the following is NOT recommended for maintaining healthy food habits?

  • Using clean utensils.
  • Eating junk food regularly. (correct)
  • Eating a balanced diet.
  • Consuming fresh cooked food.

    • What should be included in the diet to promote good digestion?

  • Fried foods.
  • Heavy gravies.
  • Processed snacks.
  • Green vegetables and fruits. (correct)

    • Which practice is advised to prevent indigestion?

    <p>Chewing food well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can excessive gas formation commonly occur?

    <p>From eating spicy and fatty foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of incisors in humans?

    <p>Biting and cutting food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component in saliva aids in the digestion of starch?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many wisdom teeth do people typically have in total?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the large intestine?

    <p>Absorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of teeth is primarily responsible for grinding and crushing food?

    <p>Premolars and molars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pancreas play in digestion?

    <p>Produces insulin and digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is egestion?

    <p>Elimination of undigested food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste is NOT typically distinguished by taste buds on the tongue?

    <p>Pungent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to food in the stomach?

    <p>It is churned and mixed with gastric juice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of food can cause indigestion?

    <p>Spicy and oily foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do wisdom teeth usually appear?

    <p>18-25 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bile produced by the liver?

    <p>Digests fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the mouth to the stomach?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to food after it is digested in the small intestine?

    <p>Nutrients are absorbed into the blood and lymphatic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in nutrition?

    <p>To provide energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is specifically known for its role as building blocks in the body?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of absorption refer to in human digestion?

    <p>Taking up digested food by body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the last step of the nutrition process in humans?

    <p>Egestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is not considered part of the alimentary canal?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the small intestine in relation to digestion?

    <p>Site for the absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of salivary glands?

    <p>Releasing digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by assimilation in the context of nutrition?

    <p>The usage of absorbed nutrients by body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is important to eat ______ food which is kept protected from dust, houseflies and mosquitoes.

    <p>clean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common symptoms of indigestion include stomach pain, bloating of stomach, and ______.

    <p>vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To help prevent indigestion, one should ______ food well.

    <p>chew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taking adequate amounts of green salad, green vegetables, and ______ is important in your diet.

    <p>fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a balanced diet, it's important to consider your age, health, and ______.

    <p>occupation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The five major nutrients in our food include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and ______.

    <p>vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which food is taken in by the organisms is called ______.

    <p>ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digestion begins in the mouth and involves the breaking down of complex food into ______ molecules.

    <p>simpler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The long, muscular and coiled tube that constitutes the alimentary canal starts from the mouth and ends at the ______.

    <p>anus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ glands are associated with the alimentary canal and play a crucial role in digestion.

    <p>digestive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ______, the absorbed food is utilized by living cells for growth and other purposes.

    <p>assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of removing undigested food from the body is known as ______.

    <p>egestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mouth contains the tongue, teeth, and salivary ______.

    <p>glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The food is churned into a semi-solid paste in the ______.

    <p>stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva contains an enzyme called ______ that acts on starch.

    <p>amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans have two sets of teeth: milk teeth and ______ teeth.

    <p>permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the digestive system that connects the mouth to the stomach is the ______.

    <p>oesophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The front four teeth in each jaw are called ______.

    <p>incisors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ helps in tasting food by using taste buds.

    <p>tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The last part of the large intestine is called the ______.

    <p>rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile, which helps in the digestion of fats, is produced by the ______.

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is responsible for absorbing water from undigested food.

    <p>large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The digestive juice secreted in the stomach is known as ______ juice.

    <p>gastric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The finger-like projections in the small intestine are known as ______.

    <p>villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive gas formation can be a symptom of ______.

    <p>indigestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wisdom teeth usually appear around the age of ______.

    <p>eighteen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of ______ is to digest proteins by breaking them down into amino acids.

    <p>pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are primarily known for providing energy to the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of egestion is the removal of undigested food from the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The small intestine is the final organ of the alimentary canal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamins protect the body and help in its proper functioning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fats are only necessary for providing warmth and do not serve any other function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The digestive glands include the mouth and the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ingestion is the process by which food is broken down into simple absorbable molecules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium, iodine, and sodium are examples of minerals required by the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eating fried foods should be encouraged for maintaining good health.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drinking large quantities of clean filtered water is important for digestion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overeating or eating too fast is a common cause of indigestion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consuming simple digestible food is not recommended for good digestion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indigestion can result in symptoms such as vomiting and stomach pain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tongue is responsible for mixing food with saliva and pushing it down the alimentary canal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molars are primarily used for biting and cutting food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The esophagus has a role in the digestion of food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase which helps break down proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The small intestine absorbs nutrients through structures known as villi.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indigestion can be caused by overeating or consuming food too quickly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans only have one set of teeth throughout their life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver stores bile juice, which is important for the digestion of fatty foods.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the large intestine is to absorb fats from the undigested food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wisdom teeth typically emerge between the ages of 12 to 14.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eating spicy and fatty foods can contribute to indigestion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach secretes gastric juice, which plays a role in killing germs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taste buds on the tongue can distinguish five basic tastes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Egestion is the process of absorbing nutrients from digested food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some key habits one should develop to maintain good food practices?

    <p>One should eat a balanced diet, avoid fried foods, consume clean food, and drink large quantities of clean filtered water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can overeating or eating too quickly lead to indigestion?

    <p>Overeating or eating too quickly can overwhelm the digestive system, leading to symptoms like stomach pain and bloating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you experience persistent symptoms of indigestion?

    <p>You should consult a doctor if you experience persistent symptoms of indigestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is consuming a variety of green vegetables and fruits important for digestion?

    <p>Green vegetables and fruits provide essential nutrients and fiber, which help maintain a healthy digestive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does lying down soon after meals have on digestion?

    <p>Lying down soon after meals can hinder proper digestion and may contribute to indigestion symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of proteins in our diet?

    <p>Proteins serve as building blocks for our body and help it to grow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of the small intestine in the digestive process.

    <p>The small intestine is primarily responsible for the absorption of digested food into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do minerals function in the body?

    <p>Minerals protect the body and are required in very small amounts for various bodily functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of the digestive system?

    <p>The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the process of ingestion as part of human digestion.

    <p>Ingestion is the process by which food is taken into the mouth and begins the digestive process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the digestive glands in the digestive system?

    <p>Digestive glands, like salivary glands, liver, and pancreas, produce enzymes and substances needed for digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrients primarily provide energy to the body?

    <p>Carbohydrates and fats primarily provide energy to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the process of assimilation in nutrition?

    <p>During assimilation, absorbed nutrients are utilized by living cells for growth and energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the tongue in the digestive process?

    <p>The tongue helps mix chewed food with saliva and aids in swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are wisdom teeth and when do they typically appear?

    <p>Wisdom teeth are the second set of molars that usually appear around the age of eighteen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of saliva in digestion.

    <p>Saliva moistens food and contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the breakdown of starch into sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to food in the stomach?

    <p>Food is churned and mixed with gastric juice, converting it into a semi-solid paste called chyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of the small intestine?

    <p>The small intestine is responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the liver contribute to digestion?

    <p>The liver produces bile, which helps in the digestion of fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is egestion?

    <p>Egestion is the process of eliminating undigested food from the body through the anus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutrients are absorbed directly by the walls of the small intestine?

    <p>Vitamins and minerals are absorbed directly by the walls of the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between milk teeth and permanent teeth?

    <p>Milk teeth are the first set of teeth in babies, which are replaced by permanent teeth around ages 12-14.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the oesophagus play in digestion?

    <p>The oesophagus connects the mouth to the stomach and facilitates food movement by peristalsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the four basic tastes distinguished by the tongue.

    <p>The four basic tastes are salt, sour, sweet, and bitter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can commonly cause indigestion?

    <p>Common causes of indigestion include overeating, eating too quickly, and consuming spicy foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?

    <p>The pancreas secretes pancreatic amylase, trypsin, and lipase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chyme, and where is it formed?

    <p>Chyme is the semi-solid paste formed in the stomach from digested food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ### Nutrition

    • The five main nutrients in food are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins.
    • Carbohydrates provide energy, found in foods like rice, sugar and potato.
    • Fats provide energy and warmth, found in foods like oil and butter.
    • Proteins help with growth, acting as building blocks, found in foods like eggs, meat, pulses and cheese.
    • Minerals are required in small amounts to protect the body, examples include calcium, iodine, and sodium.
    • Vitamins protect the body and help it function correctly, examples include Vitamin D and Vitamin K.
    • Nutrition is the process by which an organism obtains or synthesizes food to support its life.
    • The process of nutrition involves five steps: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.

    Human Digestive System - Organs and Functions

    • The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal (a long, muscular and coiled tube) and digestive glands.
    • Organs of the alimentary canal include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

    The Mouth

    • The mouth contains the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands.
    • Ingestion occurs in the mouth.
    • Digestion begins in the mouth with the mastication (chewing) of food by teeth.
    • Saliva, secreted by salivary glands, mixes with food.
    • The tongue helps mix food with saliva and pushes it down the alimentary canal.
    • The tongue also helps with taste and speech.

    Types of Teeth

    • Humans have four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
    • Incisors are flat and used for biting and cutting food.
    • Canines are sharp and used for tearing food.
    • Premolars and molars are used for grinding and crushing food.
    • Adults have two sets of teeth: milk teeth (baby teeth) and permanent teeth.

    Salivary Glands

    • Three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva.
    • Saliva contains amylase (ptyalin) which breaks down starch into simple sugar (maltose).
    • Saliva also helps kill germs in the mouth and food.

    Oesophagus

    • The esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach.
    • It is also known as the food pipe.
    • The esophagus pushes food mixed with saliva (bolus) into the stomach using peristalsis.

    Stomach

    • The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped bag in the upper abdomen.
    • The stomach churns food into a semi-solid paste.
    • Gastric juice and hydrochloric acid are secreted in the stomach.
    • Acid kills germs and activates gastric juice.
    • Gastric juice helps digest proteins.
    • Food remains in the stomach for about 4-5 hours.
    • The partly digested food (chyme) is then passed into the small intestine.

    Small Intestine

    • The small intestine is a long, coiled tube.
    • It secretes intestinal juice which helps digest all types of food.
    • Digestion converts food into simple forms like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
    • The inner surface of the small intestine has finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption.
    • Absorbed food materials like sugar and amino acids enter the bloodstream.
    • Absorbed fats enter lymphatic vessels (lacteals).
    • Vitamins and minerals are directly absorbed into the intestinal walls.

    Large Intestine

    • The large intestine doesn't play a role in food digestion.
    • It absorbs water from undigested food.
    • The semi-solid undigested food (faeces) is passed into the rectum, the last part of the large intestine.
    • The rectum opens into the anus, where faeces are expelled from the body.
    • This process is called egestion.

    Liver and Pancreas

    • The liver is the largest gland in the body and secretes bile juice, which is stored in the gallbladder.
    • Bile helps digest fats.
    • The pancreas secretes insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels.

    Digestion in Humans

    • Digestive juices containing enzymes facilitate digestion.
    • In the mouth, saliva (amylase) breaks down starch into sugars.
    • In the stomach, gastric juice (pepsin) breaks down proteins into amino acids.
    • In the pancreas, pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into maltose, trypsin breaks down proteins into peptides, and lipase break down fats into fatty acids.
    • In the small intestine, intestinal juice break down partially digested proteins and carbohydrates into simple sugars, amino acids, etc.

    Indigestion and its Causes

    • Indigestion (dyspepsia) is impaired digestion resulting in stomach pain, bloating, vomiting, burning sensation, and excessive gas formation.
    • Common causes of indigestion include overeating, eating too fast, spicy, oily, and fatty foods, lying down soon after meals, smoking, and drinking too much alcohol.

    Healthy Food Habits

    • Develop and maintain healthy food habits for good health.
    • Eat a balanced diet, considering age, health, and occupation.
    • Consume clean food, protected from dust, flies, and mosquitoes.
    • Eat properly cooked fresh food.
    • Avoid fried foods.
    • Use clean utensils.
    • Include green salads, vegetables, and fruits in the diet.
    • Consume easily digestible food.
    • Drink plenty of clean filtered water.
    • Chew food well.
    • Develop regular eating habits.

    Nutrition & Nutrients

    • Nutrients provide nourishment for our bodies, enabling growth and maintenance.
    • The five major nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.
    • Each nutrient has a specific role:
      • Carbohydrates (e.g., rice, sugar, potato): Provide energy.
      • Fats (e.g., oil, butter): Provide energy and warmth.
      • Proteins (e.g., eggs, meat, pulses, cheese): Act as building blocks, aiding growth.
      • Minerals (e.g., calcium, iodine, sodium): Required in small amounts and protect the body.
      • Vitamins (e.g., Vitamin D, Vitamin K): Protect the body and aid in proper functioning.

    The Process of Nutrition

    • The process of nutrition involves five key steps:
      • Ingestion: Taking food into the body.
      • Digestion: Breaking down complex food into simpler, absorbable molecules.
      • Absorption: Taking up the digested food into body cells.
      • Assimilation: Utilizing absorbed food for growth and other functions.
      • Egestion: Removing undigested food from the body.

    Digestive System: Organs & Functions

    • The digestive system, responsible for food processing, is composed of two parts:
      • Alimentary canal: A long, muscular tube running from mouth to anus.
      • Digestive glands: Specialized organs associated with the alimentary canal.

    Alimentary Canal & its Organs

    • The alimentary canal includes:
      • Mouth: Ingestion occurs here, food is chewed (masticated) by teeth, and mixed with saliva.
      • Oesophagus (Gullet): Connects the mouth to the stomach, pushes food (bolus) into the stomach via peristalsis.
      • Stomach: Churns food, converting it to a semi-solid paste. Secretes gastric juice and hydrochloric acid, aiding in digestion.
      • Small Intestine: Coiled tube, secretes intestinal juice, digests all food types, and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream and lymph vessels.
      • Large Intestine: Absorbs water from undigested food, forms faeces, and expels waste through the anus (egestion).
      • Anus: Opening at the end of the large intestine, where waste is expelled.

    Digestive Glands

    • Salivary Glands: Secrete saliva, containing amylase (ptyalin) for starch digestion. Saliva also kills germs.
    • Liver: Largest gland, produces bile (stored in the gall bladder) for fat digestion.
    • Pancreas: Secretes insulin, regulating blood sugar levels, and digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

    Digestion: Breakdown and Absorption

    • Mouth: Saliva (with amylase) digests starch into sugar (maltose).
    • Stomach: Gastric juice (with pepsin) partially digests proteins into amino acids.
    • Small intestine:
      • Pancreatic amylase digests starch into maltose.
      • Trypsin continues protein digestion.
      • Lipase digests fats into fatty acids.
      • Intestinal juice completes the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates into simple sugars, amino acids, etc., which are absorbed into the bloodstream.

    Indigestion: Causes & Symptoms

    • Indigestion (dyspepsia) is a condition of impaired digestion, causing discomfort and pain in the stomach.
    • Common symptoms:
      • Stomach pain
      • Bloating
      • Vomiting
      • Burning sensation
      • Excessive gas formation
    • Causes:
      • Overeating or eating too fast
      • Spicy, oily, and fatty foods
      • Lying down after meals
      • Smoking
      • Excessive alcohol consumption

    Healthy Food Habits for Digestion

    • Eat a balanced diet: Consider age, health, and occupation.
    • Eat clean food: Protect from dust, flies, and mosquitoes.
    • Eat properly cooked fresh food.
    • Minimize fried foods.
    • Use clean utensils.
    • Include green salad, vegetables, and fruits.
    • Consume easily digestible food.
    • Drink plenty of clean, filtered water.
    • Chew food thoroughly.
    • Establish regular eating habits.

    Nutrition and its Components

    • Nutrients are essential for body growth and maintenance
    • There are five main nutrient groups: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins
    • Carbohydrates provide energy: examples include rice, sugar, and potato
    • Fats provide energy and warmth: examples include oil and butter
    • Proteins are essential for growth and act as building blocks: examples include eggs, meat, pulses, and cheese
    • Minerals are required in small amounts and protect the body: examples include calcium, iodine, and sodium
    • Vitamins are essential for proper body function and protection: examples include vitamin D and vitamin K

    The Human Digestive System and its Functions

    • The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands
    • The alimentary canal is a long, muscular tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus
    • The digestive glands secrete enzymes that aid in digestion
    • Organs of the alimentary canal include: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
    • Digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal include: salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

    The Role of the Mouth in Digestion

    • The mouth contains the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands
    • Ingestion - the process of taking food into the mouth
    • Chewing (mastication) by teeth breaks down food
    • Saliva, secreted by salivary glands, mixes with food
    • The tongue helps mix food with saliva and push it down the alimentary canal
    • The tongue has taste buds that detect four basic tastes: salt, sour, sweet, and bitter
    • Saliva contains amylase (ptyalin) which breaks down starch into maltose

    Teeth

    • Humans have four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
    • Incisors: flat, used for biting and cutting food
    • Canines: sharp, located on either side of the incisors, used for tearing food
    • Premolars: behind the canines, used for grinding and crushing food
    • Molars: behind the premolars, used for grinding and crushing food
    • Humans have two sets of teeth: milk teeth and permanent teeth
    • Milk teeth are replaced by permanent teeth around 12-14 years old

    Esophagus

    • Connects the mouth cavity to the stomach
    • Also known as the food pipe
    • Pushes food (bolus) into the stomach via peristalsis

    Stomach

    • Muscular, J-shaped bag located in the upper abdomen
    • Churns food into a semi-solid paste
    • Secretes gastric juice containing enzymes and hydrochloric acid
    • Acid kills germs and activates gastric juice
    • Proteins are partially digested in the stomach by gastric juice
    • Food remains in the stomach for 4-5 hours and is then passed to the small intestine as chyme

    Small Intestine

    • Long, coiled tube that secretes intestinal juice
    • Intestinal juice aids in the digestion of all food types
    • Digestion converts food into simpler forms (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)
    • The inner surface of the small intestine has villi that increase the absorption area
    • Digested food materials (sugar, amino acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream
    • Absorbed fats are absorbed into lymph vessels (lacteals)
    • Vitamins and minerals are directly absorbed into the intestinal walls

    Large Intestine

    • Doesn't play a role in digestion
    • Absorbs water from undigested food
    • Semi-solid undigested food (faeces) is passed into the rectum
    • The rectum opens into the anus, where faeces are expelled
    • Egestion - the process of eliminating undigested food

    Liver and Pancreas

    • Liver: largest gland in the body, secretes bile juice stored in the gall bladder
    • Bile helps digest fats
    • Pancreas: secretes insulin to regulate blood sugar levels

    Digestion of Food

    • Digestive juices contain enzymes that break down food
    • Mouth: saliva (amylase) breaks down starch into sugars
    • Stomach: gastric juice (pepsin) breaks down proteins into amino acids
    • Pancreas: pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into maltose, trypsin breaks down proteins into peptides, lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids
    • Small intestine: intestinal juice completes the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates into simple sugars and amino acids

    Indigestion

    • Also known as dyspepsia
    • Impaired digestion resulting in stomach pain and discomfort
    • Symptoms include: stomach pain, bloating, vomiting, burning sensation, excessive gas
    • Causes include: overeating, eating too fast, spicy/oily/fatty foods, lying down soon after meals, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption

    Healthy Food Habits

    • Eat a balanced diet considering age, health, and occupation
    • Eat clean food, protected from dust, flies, and mosquitoes
    • Eat properly cooked fresh food
    • Avoid fried foods as much as possible
    • Use clean utensils
    • Include adequate amounts of salad, vegetables, and fruits
    • Consume simple, digestible food
    • Drink plenty of clean filtered water
    • Chew food thoroughly
    • Develop regular eating habits

    Nutrition

    • Five major nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins
    • Carbohydrates Provide energy, examples include rice, sugar, and potatoes
    • Fats Provide energy and warmth, examples include oils and butter
    • Proteins Act as building blocks for growth, examples include eggs, meat, pulses, and cheese
    • Minerals Protect the body and are required in small amounts, examples include calcium, iodine, and sodium
    • Vitamins Protect the body and aid in proper function, examples include Vitamin D and Vitamin K

    Nutritional Process

    • Five steps involved in the nutritional process
    • Ingestion: Taking in food
    • Digestion: Breaking down complex food into simpler absorbable molecules
    • Absorption: Taking up digested food by the body's cells
    • Assimilation: Utilizing absorbed food for growth and other functions
    • Egestion: Removing undigested food from the body

    Human Digestive System

    • Composed of two parts: alimentary canal and digestive glands
    • Alimentary canal: A long, muscular, and coiled tube starting at the mouth and ending at the anus
    • Digestive glands: Salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
    • Parts of the alimentary canal:
      • Mouth
      • Oesophagus (gullet)
      • Stomach
      • Small Intestine
      • Large Intestine
      • Anus

    The Mouth

    • Contains the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands
    • Teeth: Four main types: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
      • Incisors: Flat, used for biting and cutting food
      • Canines: Sharp, used for tearing food
      • Premolars: Located behind canines, used for grinding and crushing food
      • Molars: Located behind premolars, used for grinding and crushing food
      • Adults have 32 teeth (16 in each jaw)
      • Two sets of teeth: milk teeth and permanent teeth
    • Tongue: Helps mix food with saliva, push food down the alimentary canal, taste food, and speak
    • Salivary glands: Secrete saliva containing amylase (ptyalin), which breaks down starch into maltose
    • Saliva helps kill germs in the mouth and ingested food

    Oesophagus

    • Connects the mouth cavity to the stomach
    • Also known as the food pipe
    • No role in digestion, it only helps push food into the stomach via peristalsis

    Stomach

    • Muscular, J-shaped, bag-like structure in the upper abdomen
    • Churns food and converts it into a semi-solid paste
    • Secretes gastric juice (containing hydrochloric acid) and enzymes
      • Acid kills germs and activates gastric juice
      • Gastric juice partially digests proteins
    • Food remains in the stomach for 4-5 hours
    • Partly digested food (chyme) passes into the small intestine

    Small Intestine

    • Long, coiled tube
    • Secretes intestinal juice, aiding in the digestion of all food types
    • Digestion converts food into simple forms (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)
    • Absorbs digested food through villi (finger-like projections), increasing absorption area
    • Absorbed sugar and amino acids pass into the bloodstream
    • Absorbed fats pass into lymphatic vessels
    • Vitamins and minerals are directly absorbed in the intestinal walls

    Large Intestine

    • Absorbs water from undigested food
    • Semi-solid undigested food (faeces) passes into the rectum
    • The rectum opens into the anus, through which faeces are expelled

    Liver and Pancreas

    • Liver: Largest gland in the human body
      • Secretes bile, stored in the gallbladder
      • Bile aids in the digestion of fats
    • Pancreas: Secretes insulin, which helps maintain normal blood sugar levels

    Enzyme Summary

    • Mouth: Saliva (amylase) - breaks down starch into sugars
    • Stomach: Gastric juice (pepsin) - breaks down proteins into amino acids
    • Pancreas:
      • Pancreatic Amylase - breaks down starch into maltose
      • Trypsin - breaks down proteins into peptides
      • Lipase - breaks down fats into fatty acids
    • Small intestine: Intestinal juice - breaks down partially digested proteins and carbohydrates into simple sugars, amino acids, etc.

    Indigestion (Dyspepsia)

    • Impaired digestion resulting in stomach pain and discomfort
    • Common symptoms:
      • Stomach pain
      • Bloating
      • Vomiting
      • Burning sensation
      • Excessive gas formation
    • Causes:
      • Overeating or eating too fast
      • Spicy, oily, and fatty foods
      • Lying down soon after meals
      • Smoking
      • Excessive alcohol consumption

    Healthy Food Habits

    • Balanced diet: Consider age, health, and occupation
    • Clean food: Protect from dust, houseflies, and mosquitoes
    • Properly cooked fresh food: Avoid fried food as much as possible
    • Clean utensils:
    • Adequate green salad, vegetables, and fruits
    • Simple digestible food:
    • Drink clean filtered water
    • Chew food well:
    • Regular eating habits:

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on nutrition and the human digestive system. This quiz covers the five main nutrients, their functions, and the organs involved in digestion. Enhance your understanding of how our body processes food and the importance of nutrients for health.

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