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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of nutrition?
What is the primary function of nutrition?
- To provide energy for body processes (correct)
- To assist in digestion only
- To eliminate waste from the body
- To support growth and repair of tissues
Which of the following is NOT a life process involved in energy provision?
Which of the following is NOT a life process involved in energy provision?
- Respiration
- Nutrition
- Excretion
- Circulation (correct)
Why do we need to digest food despite having a balanced diet?
Why do we need to digest food despite having a balanced diet?
- To convert food into energy directly
- To increase the volume of food
- To break down complex substances into simpler forms (correct)
- To make food taste better
What is the approximate length of the human alimentary canal?
What is the approximate length of the human alimentary canal?
How many teeth does an adult human typically have?
How many teeth does an adult human typically have?
What type of dentition do humans exhibit?
What type of dentition do humans exhibit?
What covers the crown of a tooth?
What covers the crown of a tooth?
What substance is primarily found in enamel?
What substance is primarily found in enamel?
What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter?
What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter?
Which part of the small intestine follows the duodenum?
Which part of the small intestine follows the duodenum?
What is the length of the human small intestine?
What is the length of the human small intestine?
What is the primary role of the caecum in the human digestive system?
What is the primary role of the caecum in the human digestive system?
What does the pulp cavity contain?
What does the pulp cavity contain?
Which section of the large intestine temporarily stores undigested waste material?
Which section of the large intestine temporarily stores undigested waste material?
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?
Which part of the stomach surrounds the opening between the oesophagus and stomach?
Which part of the stomach surrounds the opening between the oesophagus and stomach?
How long is the human large intestine approximately?
How long is the human large intestine approximately?
What is the function of the anus in the human digestive system?
What is the function of the anus in the human digestive system?
What is the function of mucus in the oesophagus?
What is the function of mucus in the oesophagus?
Which part of the small intestine is highly coiled and broader than the jejunum?
Which part of the small intestine is highly coiled and broader than the jejunum?
What type of muscles make up the oesophagus?
What type of muscles make up the oesophagus?
How long is the oesophagus approximately?
How long is the oesophagus approximately?
What is dentition the study of?
What is dentition the study of?
Which part of the pharynx opens into the oesophagus?
Which part of the pharynx opens into the oesophagus?
Flashcards
Pulp Cavity
Pulp Cavity
The hollow space in a tooth containing blood vessels and nerves.
Root Canal
Root Canal
Extension of the pulp cavity into the root of a tooth.
Cementum
Cementum
Bone-like substance covering the root of a tooth, attaching it to the gum.
Dentition
Dentition
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Deglutition
Deglutition
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Epiglottis
Epiglottis
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Stomach
Stomach
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Nutrition
Nutrition
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Life Processes for Energy
Life Processes for Energy
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Digestion
Digestion
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Alimentary Canal
Alimentary Canal
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Mouth
Mouth
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Thecodont
Thecodont
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Diphyodont
Diphyodont
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Dental Formula
Dental Formula
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Pylorus
Pylorus
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Duodenum
Duodenum
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Jejunum
Jejunum
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Ileum
Ileum
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Caecum
Caecum
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Colon
Colon
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Rectum
Rectum
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Anus
Anus
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Study Notes
Human Nutrition - Digestion
- Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body's dietary needs (WHO definition)
- Dietary needs include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fibre
- Nutrition includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion
- Food provides energy and material for growth and tissue repair
- Vitamins and minerals required in small amounts for nutrition
Human Digestive System
- Digestion converts complex, non-diffusible, non-absorbable food into simple, diffusible, assimilable substances
- The human digestive system comprises the alimentary canal and associated digestive glands
- Alimentary canal is a 8-10 meter long tube starting from the mouth and ending at the anus
- Mouth (oral/buccal cavity): Lined with mucous membrane, salivary glands open into the cavity
- Teeth (32): Thecodont (in sockets), diphyodont (two sets), heterodont (different types)
- Types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars
- Dental formula for adult humans: 2(I 2/2, C 1/1, PM 2/2, M 3/3)
Mouth and Teeth
- Mouth - oral cavity; buccal cavity
- Side walls made of cheek, roof of palate, floor by tongue
- Salivary glands open into the buccal cavity
- 32 teeth in the adult human buccal cavity
- Teeth are thecodont, diphyodont and heterodont
- Two sets of teeth in human life – milk teeth, permanent teeth
- 4 types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Pharynx
- The pharynx is a short passage common for food and air
- Upper region of pharynx is trachea (openings - glottis) is guarded by epiglottis
- Epiglottis closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering trachea
- Lower region of pharynx is oropharynx, leads to oesophagus
Oesophagus
- A thin muscular tube that lies behind the trachea
- About 25 cm long
- Passes through the neck, rib cage, pierces diaphragm, and connects to the stomach
- Lined with mucus cells to lubricate food passage
- Peristalsis (rhythmic muscle contractions) moves food through the oesophagus
Stomach
- Located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity
- J-shaped, 25-30 cm long
- Divided into cardiac region (top) and pyloric region (bottom)
- Temporarily stores food, mixes it with gastric juice
- Cardiac sphincter prevents reflux of food into oesophagus
- Pyloric sphincter controls release of food into small intestine
Small Intestine
- About 6 meters long, coiled within abdominal cavity
- Held together by mesenteries (supports blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves)
- Divided into three parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- Duodenum: 'U' shaped, receives digestive secretions from pancreas and liver, responsible for early stages of digestion
- Jejunum and Ileum: responsible for absorption of nutrients
Large Intestine
- 1.5 meters long, wider than small intestine
- Larger in diameter, shorter than small intestine
- Comprised of caecum, colon, and rectum
- Caecum: small, blind sac with vermiform appendix
- Colon: ascending, transverse, and descending sections; responsible for water absorption
- Rectum: stores waste materials temporarily
- Anus: terminal opening, expulsion of faeces (egestion)
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