Nutrition and Digestive System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order of the three steps of animal digestion?

  • Ingestion, Absorption, Elimination
  • Digestion, Ingestion, Absorption
  • Elimination, Ingestion, Digestion
  • Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption (correct)

Which statement correctly describes heterotrophs?

  • Heterotrophs must consume other organisms for energy. (correct)
  • Heterotrophs are a type of autotroph.
  • Heterotrophs are primarily plants.
  • Heterotrophs can produce their own food.

Which category do vitamins fall under?

  • Essential Nutrients (correct)
  • Minerals
  • Chemical Energy
  • Amino Acids

What are essential fatty acids primarily known for?

<p>Must be obtained through diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes malnutrition from undernourishment?

<p>Malnutrition involves not obtaining adequate nutrition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following essential nutrients requires only small amounts?

<p>Minerals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet?

<p>8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of essential nutrients?

<p>Carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does glucagon play in glucose regulation?

<p>It stimulates the liver to produce glucose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about tissue specialization is accurate?

<p>It connects exchange surfaces with cells in the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gas diffusion occur regarding partial pressure?

<p>Carbon dioxide moves from areas of higher to lower partial pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the basic structure of the circulatory system?

<p>Digestive tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a closed circulatory system?

<p>It allows for efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is diffusion not effective over longer distances?

<p>The time required is proportional to the square of the distance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of the heart in the circulatory system?

<p>It pumps blood through the interconnecting vessels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism relies on a gastrovascular cavity rather than a circulatory system?

<p>Flatworms that utilize diffusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gills in aquatic animals?

<p>To create a large surface area for gas exchange in water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do amphibians use to manage blood flow underwater?

<p>Most blood flow to the lungs is shut off (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fetal hemoglobin compared to adult hemoglobin?

<p>It binds to oxygen more firmly than adult hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the immune system?

<p>Synthesizes new blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the first line defenders in innate immunity?

<p>The skin, mucous, saliva, and tears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do neutrophils use to destroy bacteria?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity?

<p>To identify foreign molecules and initiate immune responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the countercurrent exchange system in gills function?

<p>Blood flows in the opposite direction of water flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?

<p>Cause inflammation by releasing histamines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cells are primarily responsible for fighting parasites?

<p>Eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

<p>Coughing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during phagocytosis?

<p>Cells engulf and digest foreign substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the migration of leukocytes in the inflammatory response?

<p>Phagocytes change shape to fit through endothelial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response primarily involves neutrophils?

<p>Local or Acute Inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation might allow pathogens to evade the innate immune response?

<p>Mutating to survive higher temperatures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells differentiate from monocytes?

<p>Dendritic cells and Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the HIV virus primarily play in the immune system?

<p>It attacks and kills helper T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes osmoregulation from excretion?

<p>Osmoregulation maintains solute concentration and water balance, while excretion removes waste products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about osmoregulators is correct?

<p>They can be found in both marine and freshwater environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do marine fish manage water loss in a hyperosmotic environment?

<p>They drink large amounts of water and excrete salts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of nitrogenous waste excreted by terrestrial animals?

<p>Urea, which is a middle ground for toxicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of uric acid makes it advantageous for birds and reptiles?

<p>It is the least toxic nitrogenous waste. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the diaphragm play during inhalation?

<p>It contracts to create negative pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid in respiration?

<p>To act as a buffer for acidity levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the function of the kidneys?

<p>They function in both osmoregulation and excretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen change with variations in blood pH?

<p>Higher pH increases affinity and lower pH decreases affinity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of freshwater fish regarding osmoregulation?

<p>They excrete salt through their gills while absorbing water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the hemoglobin dissociation curve?

<p>It demonstrates the relationship between oxygen partial pressure and hemoglobin's oxygen delivery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blood pH and cerebrospinal fluid when CO2 levels are high?

<p>Blood pH decreases and cerebrospinal fluid pH decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does double circulation differ from single circulation?

<p>Double circulation is more efficient in oxygen delivery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do many organisms use respiratory pigments like hemoglobin?

<p>To enhance oxygen transport in low solubility conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the process of exhalation?

<p>The diaphragm relaxes and CO2 is released from the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Ingestion

The process of taking in food through the mouth.

Absorption

The process of absorbing nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.

Elimination

The process of removing undigested waste from the body.

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food through processes like photosynthesis.

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Malnutrition

A failure to obtain adequate nutrition, leading to deficiencies in essential nutrients.

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Undernourishment

A state where the diet does not provide enough energy for the body's needs.

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Why are circulatory systems important?

Involves the transportation of substances like oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body to maintain homeostasis.

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What is diffusion?

A process where molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, which is not efficient over long distances.

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Why is tissue specialization important for circulatory systems?

The specialization of tissues allows for efficient transport of substances to all cells in the body.

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How do organisms like flatworms handle material exchange?

These organisms have a simple body structure where all cells are in direct contact with their environment, minimizing diffusion distances.

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What is partial pressure?

The pressure exerted by a specific gas within a mixture of gases.

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How does gas diffusion work based on partial pressure?

In a mixture of gases, molecules move from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure.

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What is a closed circulatory system?

A closed circulatory system confines blood within vessels, ensuring efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to large, active organisms.

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What is the role of the heart in a circulatory system?

The heart is the muscular pump that propels blood through the circulatory system.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level, primarily within the mitochondria during respiration.

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Inhalation

The process of inhaling oxygen into the lungs, driven by the contraction of the diaphragm and creating negative pressure.

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Exhalation

The process of exhaling carbon dioxide from the lungs, driven by the relaxation of the diaphragm.

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Homeostatic Control of Breathing

The brain stem's role in regulating breathing rate based on blood pH levels, ensuring proper oxygen and carbon dioxide balance.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid

A specialized fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, acting as a buffer for acidity levels and alerting the brain to changes in blood acidity.

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Respiratory Pigments

Molecules that bind and transport oxygen in blood, increasing their carrying capacity.

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Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

The relationship between hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, illustrating how oxygen delivery changes with oxygen levels.

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Bohr Shift

A shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve caused by changes in blood pH, affecting oxygen binding and delivery.

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Single Circulation

A type of circulatory system found in amphibians where blood passes through two capillary beds before returning to the heart. It has only one ventricle for both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.

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Countercurrent Exchange

A countercurrent exchange system used by aquatic animals to maximize the absorption of oxygen from their environment. The blood flows in the opposite direction of the water flow.

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Hemoglobin

A specialized protein found in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Animals adapted to high altitudes have hemoglobin with a higher affinity for oxygen.

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Fetal Hemoglobin

A type of hemoglobin found in fetuses that binds to oxygen more tightly than adult hemoglobin. This allows the fetus to obtain oxygen from the mother's bloodstream.

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Immune System

The body's defense system against foreign pathogens, damaged cells, and abnormal cells. It comprises two main branches: innate and adaptive immunity.

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Innate Immunity

The first line of defense in the immune system, present in all organisms. It includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as chemical defenses.

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Neutrophils

Specialized cells in the innate immune system that recognize and destroy pathogens. They primarily target bacteria and can also engulf and destroy some viruses.

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Hematopoiesis

The process of producing blood cells from stem cells located in the bone marrow. Stimulated by cytokines, stem cells mature into different blood cell types.

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Osmoregulation

The process of regulating the concentration of solutes and balancing water loss and gain.

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Excretion

The process of removing nitrogenous waste products and other waste from the body.

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Osmoregulators

Organisms that maintain their internal osmolarity regardless of the surrounding environment.

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Osmoconformers

Organisms that have the same osmolarity as their surrounding environment.

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Ammonia

A highly toxic nitrogenous waste produced by the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids.

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Urea

A less toxic nitrogenous waste that is produced by mammals, amphibians, and some ocean life.

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Uric Acid

The least toxic nitrogenous waste that conserves water most effectively.

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Kidneys

The primary organs involved in both excretion and osmoregulation.

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What are basophils?

A type of white blood cell that releases histamines during allergic reactions, causing inflammation and dilation of blood vessels.

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What are eosinophils?

White blood cells that fight parasites and contribute to allergic reactions.

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What are platelets?

Small cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

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What are monocytes?

White blood cells that develop into macrophages and dendritic cells after leaving the bloodstream.

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What are lymphocytes?

A type of white blood cell that recognizes antigens and plays a major role in the adaptive immune response.

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What is phagocytosis?

The process of ingesting and digesting foreign substances by cells.

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What is inflammation?

A response to tissue damage or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

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What is chronic inflammation?

A long-term inflammatory response involving macrophages, giant cells, and granuloma formation.

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Study Notes

Nutrition and Digestive System

  • The three steps of animal digestion are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
  • Herbivores are plant eaters, carnivores are meat eaters, and omnivores eat both plants and meat.
  • Autotrophs produce their own food (like plants), while heterotrophs must consume other organisms for energy.
  • Three nutritional needs are chemical energy (to fuel cellular processes), building blocks (like amino acids for proteins), and essential nutrients (those organisms cannot produce and need to consume).
  • Essential nutrients include minerals (usually needed in small amounts, excess can upset homeostasis), vitamins (organic molecules required in small amounts; fat-soluble - A, D, E, K, and water-soluble), essential fatty acids (obtained through diet), and essential amino acids (10 synthesized by animals, the rest must be obtained).

Food Processing

  • Digestion involves breaking down food into smaller molecules for absorption.
  • Mechanical digestion (chewing) increases surface area.
  • Chemical digestion (enzymes) breaks down larger molecules (e.g., proteins) into smaller molecules.
  • Intracellular digestion is within cells, while extracellular digestion is outside the cells.

Absorption/Nutrient Uptake

  • The small intestine has villi and microvilli to increase surface area for absorption.
  • Nutrients are transported through the hepatic portal vein to the liver.

Elimination

  • The large intestine absorbs water and forms feces.
  • Substances not absorbed are eliminated.

Hormonal Control of Digestive Processes

  • Leptin, insulin, and PYY suppress appetite.
  • Ghrelin stimulates hunger.
  • Gastrin triggers gastric juices.
  • CCK and secretin control enzyme and bile release.

Circulation and Gas Exchange

  • Circulatory systems deliver necessary materials to cells, while diffusion isn't efficient over long distances.
  • Gas diffusion occurs from high partial pressure to low partial pressure (oxygen into blood; carbon dioxide out of blood).
  • Blood is oxygenated in the lungs and carries oxygen to body tissues, where carbon dioxide is delivered to lungs for removal.

Cardiovascular Adaptations

  • Double circulation (pulmonary and systemic circuits) is found in mammals and birds; single circulation is found in fish, having one circuit.

  • Amphibians have a three-chambered heart which allows for both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Respiratory Adaptations

  • Gills are adaptations for gas exchange in aquatic animals.

  • High-altitude animals have hemoglobin with a higher oxygen-binding affinity.

Immune System

  • The immune system defends against pathogens and foreign substances.
  • Innate immunity is the first line of defense (skin, mucus membranes).
  • Adaptive immunity involves targeted responses, and immunological memory.
  • B cells produce antibodies; T helper cells activate other immune cells; T cytotoxic cells directly kill infected cells.

Osmoregulation and Excretion

  • Osmoregulation controls water and solute balance. Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste.
  • Conformers are isosmotic with their environment, regulators expend energy to control internal osmolarity.
  • Marine fish drink lots of water; freshwater fish excrete excess water.
  • Land animals have evolved to minimize water loss.
  • Nitrogenous waste products include ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
  • Kidneys filter blood and produce urine.
  • The four steps involved in excretory processes are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the nutrition and digestive processes of animals. This quiz covers digestion stages, types of eaters, nutritional needs, and essential nutrients. Understand the roles of autotrophs and heterotrophs in energy production.

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