13 Questions
What is the main function of carbohydrates in the diet?
To provide a source of energy
What is the main difference between soluble and insoluble carbohydrates?
Soluble carbohydrates can be broken down by enzymes, while insoluble carbohydrates are resistant to breakdown
What is the function of lignin in the diet?
To reduce the digestibility of fibre and protein
What is the structure of a triglyceride?
Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What is the function of fat in the diet?
To provide a source of available energy and essential fatty acids
Where does the digestion of fat take place?
In the small intestine
What is the role of lipase in the digestion of fat?
To break down fatty acids
What is the characteristic of triglycerides in terms of solubility?
Insoluble in water
What is the role of bile in the digestion of fats?
To emulsify fats and reduce their size
What is the fate of excess ammonia in the body?
It is converted to urea and excreted in urine
What is the main function of proteins in the body?
To drive metabolic reactions and maintain pH and fluid balance
What does the term ME stand for in the context of energy partitioning?
Not all available Energy
What is the term for the energy lost as heat during metabolism?
Heat Increment of Fermentation
Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- A source of energy, composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
- Form the major component of plant DM (approximately 75%)
- Concentrates consist predominantly of CHO
- Carbohydrates are either:
- Soluble (non-structural): can be broken down by enzymes in GIT, examples include glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, and starch
- Insoluble (structural): resistant to breakdown by enzymes produced by the GIT, examples include cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin
- Lignin is completely indigestible and reduces the digestibility of other dietary components, particularly fibre and protein
Types of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides:
- Simple sugars, cannot be broken down further
- Disaccharides:
- Composed of two monosaccharides, examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose
- Trisaccharides:
- Composed of three monosaccharides, example includes raffinose
- Polysaccharides:
- Composed of many monosaccharides, examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen
Whole Grain Cereals
- Contain substantial quantities of starch in the form of amylose and amylopectin in the endosperm
Fat and Energy in the Diet
- Fat is composed of triglycerides, which are organic compounds insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents
- Structure: composed of glycerol (backbone) and 3 fatty acids
- Simple triglyceride: composed of 3 identical fatty acids
- Mixed triglyceride: composed of different fatty acids
- Functions of fat in the diet:
- Source of available energy
- Source of essential fatty acids
- Allows for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
- Component of cell membranes (phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols)
- Insulation and protection
Digestion of Fat
- Fat globule is difficult to digest in the stomach, so it is moved directly to the small intestines
- Lipase from the pancreas causes the breakdown of fatty acids
- Bile:
- Activates the pancreatic lipase
- Helps emulsify fats (reduces the size)
Protein
- Consists of amino acids joined together to form proteins
- Essential and non-essential amino acids
- Examples of essential amino acids: arginine, histidine
- Examples of non-essential amino acids: alanine, glycine
- Majority of protein in the diet is broken down to ammonia
- Excess ammonia that is not needed in the body is converted to urea and excreted in urine
- Functions of protein:
- Growth and repair of cells
- Drives metabolic reactions
- Maintains pH and fluid balance
Metabolism and Measurement of Energy in Ruminants
- The partitioning of feed energy:
- DE ( Digestible Energy) = proportion of feed energy that does not appear in the faeces
- ME (Metabolizable Energy) = not all available, products excreted in urine and gases also contain energy
- NE ( Net Energy) = energy is lost as heat during metabolism - HIF (Heat Increment of Fermentation)
This quiz covers the basics of carbohydrates, fats, and their functions in the diet. It also touches on the digestion of fats and the structure of triglycerides.
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