Nutrition and Diet Therapy: 6 Essential Nutrients

38 Questions

What are some health effects of starch and fibers?

Promote weight loss/ weight control, protect against heart disease and stroke, protect against cancer, fight against diabetes, promote gastrointestinal health

What is the function of proteins in the body?

Building and repairing body tissues for growth and maintenance

Excessive carbohydrate intake can lead to obesity.

True

Proteins are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and ________.

nitrogen

Match the following amino acids with their types:

Histidine = Essential Amino Acid Arginine = Semi-Essential Amino Acid Glutamic Acid = Non-Essential Amino Acid

What deficiency can cause bleeding, if you lack Vitamin K?

Vitamin K deficiency

Vitamin C deficiency can result in a condition known as Scurvy.

True

Which vitamin is essential for bone and teeth formation?

Vitamin D

What is the medical condition characterized by tingling sensation or lack of sensation in a particular area due to peripheral neuritis?

Peripheral neuritis

Which vitamin is known as Folate?

Vitamin B9

Water constitutes approximately 60-70% of total body weight.

True

__________ is known as the universal solvent in the body.

Water

Match the mineral with its function:

Calcium = Acts as a key mineral for bone health Phosphorus = Plays a crucial role in energy metabolism Iron = Important for oxygen transport in the body Zinc = Essential for immune function and wound healing

Every food we eat has calories.

True

What are the 6 essential nutrients?

Carbohydrates, Protein, Vitamins, Fats, Water, Minerals

Protein has 4 calories per gram, while Fat has 9 calories per gram.

4, 9

What are the sources of Galactose?

Ripe fruits and honey

Which chemical name is used for the form of neutral fats?

Triglycerides

What are the two fatty acids considered as the basic structural unit of fat?

palmitic and stearic acids

Match the fat-related substances with their functions:

Glycerol = Water soluble component of triglycerides Steroids = Contain sterols and are important constituents of body cells and tissues

The Adequate Intake (AI) is based on observed or experimental approximation of average nutrient intake by healthy individuals.

True

Food Exchange Lists are used for detailed calorie counting.

False

What does RDA stand for and what is the RDA for protein?

RDA stands for Recommended Daily Allowance. The RDA for protein is 60g.

What is Sucrose composed of?

glucose, fructose

Match the following sugars with their sources:

Fructose = Ripe fruits and honey Lactose = Milk and milk products Sucrose = Cane sugar, table sugar, beet sugar

Fatty acids combined with __________ form Lipoprotein.

carbohydrates

Excessive intake of fat can result in underweight.

False

__________ is the measure of energy needed by the body at rest for internal activities like respiration.

Basal Metabolism

Which of the following nutrients have an RDA of 53g?

Fat

Which type of salt should be used to prevent Iodine Deficiency Disorders?

iodized

Which food group should be consumed daily for healthy bones and teeth?

Milk and milk products

Match the factors affecting BMR with their description:

Surface Area = Greater body surface area equals greater heat loss and higher BMR Sex/Gender = Men generally have higher BMR than women due to muscle mass Age = BMR is highest in periods of rapid growth and declines with age Body Composition = High proportion of inactive adipose tissue lowers BMR

What should be the primary source of nutrition for a baby in the first 6 months?

Breastfeeding

What is the standard normal blood glucose level in mg/dl?

70-110

A blood glucose level below 70 mg/dl may lead to hunger followed by eating.

True

Match the food group with its corresponding energy contribution:

Veg A = 0 calories Veg B = 16 calories Fruit = 40 calories Milk Full Cream = 170 calories Rice = 100 calories Meat & Fish = 41 calories Fat = 45 calories Sugar = 20 calories

When is a blood glucose level of more than 140mg/dl for 2 consecutive days considered diabetes?

For a patient with DM

Satiety is the ability to be full or feel full triggered by gastric ________.

distention

Study Notes

Nutrition

Nutrition is the combination of what we consume (food) and how our body uses it.
Nutrition is essential for maintaining life, allowing us to grow, and being in a state of optimum health.

Essential Nutrients

There are 6 essential nutrients:
- Carbohydrates (primary source of fuel for the brain and body)
- Protein (builds and repairs body tissues)
- Vitamins (organic compounds required for various bodily functions)
- Fats (energy source and helps absorb vitamins)
- Water (essential for bodily functions)
- Minerals (inorganic compounds required for various bodily functions)

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates provide energy for the body.
Sources: abundant in fruits, sweet corn, corn syrup, and other foods.
Classification:
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
  - Glucose (physiologic sugar, moderately sweet, and essential for brain and nerve cell function)
  - Fructose (fruit sugar, sweetest of all sugars)
  - Galactose (found in milk sugar, not all individuals can metabolize it)
- Disaccharides (two sugar molecules)
  - Sucrose (cane sugar, table sugar, beet sugar)
  - Maltose (malt sugar, derived from the digestion of starch)
  - Lactose (milk sugar, least sweet among sugars)
- Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
  - Starch (storage form of carbohydrates in plants, provides energy for a long period)
  - Dextrin (derived from dextrose, intermediate product of starch digestion)
  - Glycogen (animal starch, storage form of CHO in the body, found in liver and muscle)

Functions of Carbohydrates

Chief source of energy
Protein sparing (spares protein for other bodily functions)
Supplies energy to the body
Regulator of intestinal peristalsis and provider of bulk
Lack of carbohydrate results in underweight, general weakness, poor physical performance, and other health problems.

Health Effects of Starch and Fibers

Promote weight loss/weight control
Protect against heart disease and stroke
Protect against cancer
Fight against diabetes
Promote gastrointestinal health

Proteins

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Building blocks of the body tissues
Complete and incomplete proteins (example: protein from meat, eggs, and dairy products are considered complete proteins)
Functions:
- Builds and repairs body tissues
- Helps with healing and maintaining body tissues

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins
Classified into:
- Essential amino acids (cannot be synthesized by the body, examples: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, etc.)
- Semi-essential amino acids (can be partially synthesized by the body, examples: arginine, cystine, etc.)
- Non-essential amino acids (can be synthesized by the body, examples: glutamic acid, aspartic acid, etc.)

Health Effects of Protein Deficiency

Kwashiorkor (protein-energy malnutrition)
- Characterized by thinness, moon face, bulging abdomen, and fluid shifting due to decreased albumin
- Common in areas with limited access to protein sources
Marasmus (calorie-protein malnutrition)
- Characterized by thinness, bones visible due to calorie deficiency
- Also occurs due to calorie deficiency### Functions of Proteins
Builds and repairs body tissue for growth and maintenance
Helps in anabolism (repairing worn out body tissue) and catabolism (continued wear and tear)
Builds resistance to infection by helping form antibodies
Supplies additional energy
Contributes to numerous body secretions and fluids
Maintains water balance

Types of Protein Deficiency

Marasmus: severe protein and calorie deficiency, typically seen in children aged 6 months to 4 years
Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency, typically seen in children aged 1-6 years

Effects of Protein Deficiency

Retarded growth in children
Low resistance to infection at any age
Slow recovery from illness
Low birth weight
Protein energy malnutrition: Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
Loss of weight
Edema, skin lesions, mental sluggishness

Sources of Protein

Animal sources: egg, milk, milk products, meat, fish, poultry, and seafood
Plant sources: cereals, legumes, processed vegetable protein

Effects of Excessive Protein Intake

Harmful excess protein can lead to kidney function problems, mineral losses, obesity, heart disease, and cancer

Functions of Fats

Facilitates absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
As insulator and protector of body tissues
Serves as a continuing supply of energy
Supplies essential fatty acids
Adds palatability and satiety value to meals

Classification of Fats

Simple lipids: neutral fats
Compound lipids: combination of fats with other components

Types of Fatty Acids

Saturated fatty acids: palmitic and stearic acids
Monounsaturated fatty acids: oleic acid (omega 9)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids: linolenic acid (Vitamin F, Omega 3, linoleic acid - Omega 6)

Good Fats

Monounsaturated fats and Omega-3s: found in avocados, salmon, almonds, walnuts, flaxseed, and olive oil
Good for heart health, lowering triglyceride levels, and decreasing inflammation

Bad Fats

Trans fats: found in processed foods, burgers, fries, and margarines
Increase risk of heart disease, poor cholesterol levels, and cancer

Cholesterol

A fat-related substance that contains sterols
Important constituent of body cells and tissues
Not stored in the body, excess is excreted in urine

Vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K
Water-soluble vitamins: B and C

Effects of Fat Deficiency

Underweight
Sluggishness
Skin irritation similar to eczema in infants
Signs and symptoms of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency### Vitamins and Deficiencies
Vitamin A: essential for growth and development, antioxidant functions, and healthy skin; deficiency leads to night blindness, xerophthalmia, and Bitot's spot
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): found in fortified breads and cereals, fish, lean meats, and milk; deficiency leads to beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): found in cereal, nuts, milk, eggs, and green leafy vegetables; deficiency leads to cheilosis, photophobia, and magenta tongue
Vitamin B3 (Niacin): found in dairy, poultry, fish, lean meats, nuts, and eggs; deficiency leads to pellagra (4D)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): found in beans, legumes, nuts, eggs, meat, fish, breads, and cereals; deficiency leads to peripheral neuritis and seizures
Vitamin B9 (Folate): found in beans, legumes, citrus, and whole grains; deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects
Vitamin B12: found in eggs, meat, poultry, shellfish, and milk; deficiency leads to pernicious anemia and neural tube defects
Vitamin C: essential for antioxidant functions, immune system, and iron absorption; deficiency leads to scurvy and impaired wound healing
Vitamin D: essential for blood clotting and calcium absorption; deficiency leads to rickets and osteomalacia
Vitamin E: essential for antioxidant functions and healthy skin; deficiency leads to anemia, nerve degeneration, and weakness
Vitamin K: essential for blood clotting; deficiency leads to easy bruising and bleeding

Minerals and Deficiencies

Calcium: essential for bone health and muscle function; deficiency leads to rickets and osteomalacia
Phosphorus: essential for bone health and many metabolic processes; deficiency leads to demineralization of bones and teeth
Iron: essential for red blood cell formation and oxygen transport; deficiency leads to anemia and impaired immune function
Zinc: essential for immune function, wound healing, and protein synthesis; deficiency leads to impaired growth and development
Manganese: essential for bone health, wound healing, and metabolism; deficiency leads to impaired growth and development
Iodine: essential for thyroid function and brain development; deficiency leads to goiter and cretinism
Selenium: essential for antioxidant functions and immune system; deficiency leads to impaired immune function and cancer