Nutrition 101 TCC Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes nutrition?

  • The science that studies food and how food nourishes our bodies (correct)
  • The analysis of food packaging
  • The science of growing food
  • The study of cooking techniques

    • According to the American Medical Association, what was the #1 cause of preventable death in the US in 2016?

    Dietary risks

    What is the purpose of nutrition?

  • Help prevent disease and debilitation
  • All the above (correct)
  • Optimize biochemical processes
  • Produce energy

    • Which class of nutrients provides the primary source of energy for our bodies?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients yields the most energy per gram?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are minerals?

    <p>Micronutrients that are inorganic elements found in a variety of foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who would be the best source of nutrition advice for a weight loss program?

    <p>Registered dietitian (RD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In malnutrition, what is a primary deficiency?

    <p>Does not have an adequate intake of a nutrient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nutrient-dense foods refer to?

    <p>High levels of micronutrients per serving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second step of the scientific method?

    <p>Generating a hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is most likely to have the greatest nutrient density?

    <p>1 cup of fresh strawberries (100 kcal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diet that is adequate for one person is also adequate for all humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are capable of engulfing anything from E.Coli to little plastic beads?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vaccinations help the body develop immunity?

    <p>By providing a small amount of weakened or killed antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does protein malnutrition affect the immune system?

    <p>Diminishes immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two functioning parts of the immune system?

    <p>Nonspecific and specific immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the immune system do?

    <p>Limit infection and kill invading microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What amino acid does the immune system use for fuel?

    <p>Glutamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is most responsible for prompting us to seek food?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency regulates food labels in the US?

    <p>U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that describes the process in which nutrients pass through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of absorption requires the use of a carrier protein but not energy?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient's chemical digestion begins with salivary amylase?

    <p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA's) were originally adopted to prevent which diseases?

    <p>Nutrient-deficiency diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The US food industry must encourage Americans to overeat if it is to remain profitable.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is appetite?

    <p>Psychological desire to consume a specific food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hunger is described as what?

    <p>A physiological drive to consume food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are examples of carbohydrate-rich foods?

    <p>Wheat and lentils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    King T'Challa consumes how many kilocalories from 80 grams of carbohydrate, 20 grams of protein, and 10 grams of fat?

    <p>490</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of the GI tract organs during digestion and absorption?

    <p>Mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statements about the enteric nervous system are true?

    <p>All the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the enteric nervous system translate chemical signals into?

    <p>Neuronal signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nerve fiber that sends signals to and from the brain and GI tract?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Gut-Brain axis refer to?

    <p>Communication between GI tract, microbiome, and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the information provided on a food label that identifies nutrient intake called?

    <p>Percent Daily Values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the microbiome?

    <p>All the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does our microbiome produce from fiber digestion that can reduce inflammation?

    <p>Butyrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can our microbiome influence us?

    <p>All the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are probiotics?

    <p>Living organisms that we ingest in a symbiotic relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteins that speed up body processes called?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of mucus in the stomach?

    <p>Protect the stomach lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when bile breaks up lipid globules into smaller droplets?

    <p>Emulsification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Good food is nutrient-dense food that is produced sustainably.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are empty calories?

    <p>Calories that come from solid fats and/or added sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eating out at any restaurant is always healthier than making a meal at home.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the US food industry attempt to influence our diet?

    <p>Lobbying FDA officials to require labeling of unhealthy foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four biological drives?

    <p>Hunger, Thirst, Sleep, Procreation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List four other aspects of wellness besides nutrition.

    <p>Emotional, Occupational, Spiritual, Social, Physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy in food is measured in what?

    <p>Calories or Kilocalories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One kcal is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of _____________ kg of water _____________ by one degree Celsius.

    <p>1 (one), 1 (one)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three ways to clean and remove contaminants in our faucet water?

    <p>Distillation, reverse osmosis, carbon filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best form of scientific evidence as it relates to nutrition?

    <p>Systematic review or Meta analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a _____________ experiment, participants AND researchers are unaware of which is the treatment group and which is the control group.

    <p>double-blind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the AMDR for carbohydrates (as a percentage)?

    <p>45-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the AMDR for protein?

    <p>10-35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The AMDR for fat is _____ to _____%

    <p>20%, 35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The system of hormones that helps to control bodily functioning is called the ____________ system.

    <p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of mechanically and chemically breaking down food into smaller molecules is called ____________.

    <p>digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of taking these molecules into the intestinal wall is called ____________.

    <p>absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A series of organs arranged in a long tube that work together to process food is called the ____________.

    <p>gastrointestinal tract or GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List 4 of the 6 organs of the GI tract discussed in class.

    <p>Esophagus, mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List 2 of the 4 accessory organs involved in digestion.

    <p>Gallbladder, Salivary glands, liver, pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cranial nerve that allows communication between the stomach and brain is called the ____________ nerve.

    <p>vagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United Nations estimates that one in ____________ people are chronically undernourished.

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person who can give nutrition advice and prescribe diets is called a ____________.

    <p>registered dietitian or RD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The good bugs that are on our skin and inside our bodies that affect our health and behavior is called the ____________.

    <p>microbiome or microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before food even enters the mouth, the process of digestion will begin when humans start to ____________ about food.

    <p>think</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates is salivary ____________.

    <p>amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that breaks down protein is a ____________.

    <p>protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that breaks down lipids is a ____________.

    <p>lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hormones are involved in the process of GI regulation?

    <p>80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver produces ____________ that is stored in the ____________ which then emulsifies fats.

    <p>bile, gall bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The absorption process where nutrients can freely pass across the intestinal wall is called ____________.

    <p>passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The absorption process where nutrients need a protein carrier but not energy to pass across the intestinal wall is called ____________.

    <p>facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The absorption process where nutrients need a protein carrier & energy to pass across the intestinal wall is called ____________.

    <p>active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is nutritional advice from Instagram often considered?

    <p>Anecdotal or opinion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of study where both researchers and study participants are unaware of who is getting the control and who is getting the experimental food is called a ____________ experiment.

    <p>double-blind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ are geographical areas that lack access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food usually in inner-city areas.

    <p>Food deserts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nutrient-dense foods are foods that contain high amounts of ____________.

    <p>micronutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy-dense foods contain little ____________.

    <p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutrition Overview

    • Nutrition is the science that explores how food nourishes the body and impacts health.
    • The American Medical Association identified dietary risks as the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. in 2016.

    Purpose and Functions of Nutrition

    • Nutrition aims to optimize biochemical processes, prevent diseases, and produce energy.
    • Carbohydrates serve as the primary energy source for the body.
    • Lipids yield the most energy per gram compared to other nutrients.

    Nutrients and Their Characteristics

    • Protein is distinguished from carbohydrates and fats by the presence of nitrogen.
    • Minerals are inorganic micronutrients found in various foods that support body functions.
    • Nutrient-dense foods are rich in micronutrients, including fruits, vegetables, and legumes.

    Professional Guidance in Nutrition

    • For weight loss advice, a registered dietitian (RD) is the most qualified professional.

    Malnutrition and Immune System

    • Primary deficiency in malnutrition occurs when a person lacks adequate nutrient intake.
    • Protein malnutrition diminishes immune response; macrophages can engulf a wide range of pathogens.
    • Vaccinations function by activating the immune response through weakened or killed antigens.

    Gastrointestinal System

    • Digestion involves mechanical and chemical processes to break down food.
    • Absorption is the process of nutrients passing through the gastrointestinal wall.
    • The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.
    • Accessory organs aiding in digestion include the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas.

    Nutritional Science and Research

    • The scientific method involves generating hypotheses as a crucial second step.
    • Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are considered the strongest forms of scientific evidence in nutrition.

    Hormonal Regulation and the Microbiome

    • The endocrine system regulates bodily functions through hormones.
    • The microbiome comprises trillions of microorganisms that influence health, mood, and immune function.
    • Gut health can be affected positively by fiber intake, leading to the production of butyrate.

    Food Access and Industry Influence

    • One in nine people globally suffers from chronic undernourishment due to food distribution issues.
    • The U.S. food industry often promotes overeating to maintain profitability.

    Calories and Nutritional Value

    • Energy in food is measured in calories or kilocalories; one kcal raises the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.
    • Nutritional advice from social media platforms lacks scientific credibility and is labeled anecdotal.

    Food Quality and Dietary Recommendations

    • Nutrient-dense foods are high in micronutrients, while energy-dense foods typically offer minimal nutrients.
    • The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for macronutrients are:
      • Carbohydrates: 45-65%
      • Protein: 10-35%
      • Fat: 20-35%
    • Empty calories originate from solid fats and added sugars with few nutrients.

    Food Deserts and Wellness

    • Food deserts are areas with limited access to affordable and healthy food options.
    • Wellness encompasses multiple health aspects, including emotional, occupational, spiritual, social, and physical well-being.

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    Description

    Review essential concepts of nutrition with these flashcards. This quiz covers important definitions and the significance of diet in public health. Perfect for students studying nutrition at TCC or anyone interested in understanding how food impacts health.

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