Nutrition 101 TCC Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes nutrition?

The science that studies food and how food nourishes our bodies (correct)

The analysis of food packaging

The science of growing food

The study of cooking techniques

According to the American Medical Association, what was the #1 cause of preventable death in the US in 2016?

Dietary risks

What is the purpose of nutrition?

Help prevent disease and debilitation

All the above (correct)

Optimize biochemical processes

Produce energy

Which class of nutrients provides the primary source of energy for our bodies?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?

Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients yields the most energy per gram?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

What are minerals?

Micronutrients that are inorganic elements found in a variety of foods Signup and view all the answers

Who would be the best source of nutrition advice for a weight loss program?

Registered dietitian (RD) Signup and view all the answers

In malnutrition, what is a primary deficiency?

Does not have an adequate intake of a nutrient Signup and view all the answers

What do nutrient-dense foods refer to?

High levels of micronutrients per serving Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step of the scientific method?

Generating a hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Which food is most likely to have the greatest nutrient density?

1 cup of fresh strawberries (100 kcal) Signup and view all the answers

A diet that is adequate for one person is also adequate for all humans.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are capable of engulfing anything from E.Coli to little plastic beads?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

How do vaccinations help the body develop immunity?

By providing a small amount of weakened or killed antigen Signup and view all the answers

How does protein malnutrition affect the immune system?

Diminishes immune response Signup and view all the answers

What are the two functioning parts of the immune system?

Nonspecific and specific immune function Signup and view all the answers

What does the immune system do?

Limit infection and kill invading microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What amino acid does the immune system use for fuel?

Glutamine Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is most responsible for prompting us to seek food?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which agency regulates food labels in the US?

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that describes the process in which nutrients pass through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract?

Absorption Signup and view all the answers

What type of absorption requires the use of a carrier protein but not energy?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient's chemical digestion begins with salivary amylase?

Carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA's) were originally adopted to prevent which diseases?

Nutrient-deficiency diseases Signup and view all the answers

The US food industry must encourage Americans to overeat if it is to remain profitable.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is appetite?

Psychological desire to consume a specific food Signup and view all the answers

Hunger is described as what?

A physiological drive to consume food Signup and view all the answers

Which are examples of carbohydrate-rich foods?

Wheat and lentils Signup and view all the answers

King T'Challa consumes how many kilocalories from 80 grams of carbohydrate, 20 grams of protein, and 10 grams of fat?

490 Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of the GI tract organs during digestion and absorption?

Mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about the enteric nervous system are true?

All the above Signup and view all the answers

What does the enteric nervous system translate chemical signals into?

Neuronal signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the main nerve fiber that sends signals to and from the brain and GI tract?

Vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gut-Brain axis refer to?

Communication between GI tract, microbiome, and brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the information provided on a food label that identifies nutrient intake called?

Percent Daily Values Signup and view all the answers

Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What describes the microbiome?

All the above Signup and view all the answers

What does our microbiome produce from fiber digestion that can reduce inflammation?

Butyrate Signup and view all the answers

How can our microbiome influence us?

All the above Signup and view all the answers

What are probiotics?

Living organisms that we ingest in a symbiotic relationship Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins that speed up body processes called?

Enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of mucus in the stomach?

Protect the stomach lining Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when bile breaks up lipid globules into smaller droplets?

Emulsification Signup and view all the answers

Good food is nutrient-dense food that is produced sustainably.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are empty calories?

Calories that come from solid fats and/or added sugars Signup and view all the answers

Eating out at any restaurant is always healthier than making a meal at home.

False Signup and view all the answers

How does the US food industry attempt to influence our diet?

Lobbying FDA officials to require labeling of unhealthy foods Signup and view all the answers

What are the four biological drives?

Hunger, Thirst, Sleep, Procreation Signup and view all the answers

List four other aspects of wellness besides nutrition.

Emotional, Occupational, Spiritual, Social, Physical Signup and view all the answers

Energy in food is measured in what?

Calories or Kilocalories Signup and view all the answers

One kcal is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of _ kg of water _ by one degree Celsius.

1 (one), 1 (one) Signup and view all the answers

What are three ways to clean and remove contaminants in our faucet water?

Distillation, reverse osmosis, carbon filter Signup and view all the answers

What is the best form of scientific evidence as it relates to nutrition?

Systematic review or Meta analysis Signup and view all the answers

In a _____________ experiment, participants AND researchers are unaware of which is the treatment group and which is the control group.

double-blind Signup and view all the answers

What is the AMDR for carbohydrates (as a percentage)?

45-65% Signup and view all the answers

What is the AMDR for protein?

10-35% Signup and view all the answers

The AMDR for fat is _ to _%

20%, 35% Signup and view all the answers

The system of hormones that helps to control bodily functioning is called the ____________ system.

endocrine Signup and view all the answers

The process of mechanically and chemically breaking down food into smaller molecules is called ____________.

digestion Signup and view all the answers

The process of taking these molecules into the intestinal wall is called ____________.

absorption Signup and view all the answers

A series of organs arranged in a long tube that work together to process food is called the ____________.

gastrointestinal tract or GI tract Signup and view all the answers

List 4 of the 6 organs of the GI tract discussed in class.

Esophagus, mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum Signup and view all the answers

List 2 of the 4 accessory organs involved in digestion.

Gallbladder, Salivary glands, liver, pancreas Signup and view all the answers

The cranial nerve that allows communication between the stomach and brain is called the ____________ nerve.

vagus Signup and view all the answers

The United Nations estimates that one in ____________ people are chronically undernourished.

9 Signup and view all the answers

A person who can give nutrition advice and prescribe diets is called a ____________.

registered dietitian or RD Signup and view all the answers

The good bugs that are on our skin and inside our bodies that affect our health and behavior is called the ____________.

microbiome or microbiota Signup and view all the answers

Before food even enters the mouth, the process of digestion will begin when humans start to ____________ about food.

think Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates is salivary ____________.

amylase Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme that breaks down protein is a ____________.

protease Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme that breaks down lipids is a ____________.

lipase Signup and view all the answers

How many hormones are involved in the process of GI regulation?

80 Signup and view all the answers

The liver produces that is stored in the which then emulsifies fats.

bile, gall bladder Signup and view all the answers

The absorption process where nutrients can freely pass across the intestinal wall is called ____________.

passive diffusion Signup and view all the answers

The absorption process where nutrients need a protein carrier but not energy to pass across the intestinal wall is called ____________.

facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

The absorption process where nutrients need a protein carrier & energy to pass across the intestinal wall is called ____________.

active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is nutritional advice from Instagram often considered?

Anecdotal or opinion Signup and view all the answers

The type of study where both researchers and study participants are unaware of who is getting the control and who is getting the experimental food is called a ____________ experiment.

double-blind Signup and view all the answers

__________ are geographical areas that lack access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food usually in inner-city areas.

Food deserts Signup and view all the answers

Nutrient-dense foods are foods that contain high amounts of ____________.

micronutrients Signup and view all the answers

Energy-dense foods contain little ____________.

nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrition Overview

Nutrition is the science that explores how food nourishes the body and impacts health.
The American Medical Association identified dietary risks as the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. in 2016.

Purpose and Functions of Nutrition

Nutrition aims to optimize biochemical processes, prevent diseases, and produce energy.
Carbohydrates serve as the primary energy source for the body.
Lipids yield the most energy per gram compared to other nutrients.

Nutrients and Their Characteristics

Protein is distinguished from carbohydrates and fats by the presence of nitrogen.
Minerals are inorganic micronutrients found in various foods that support body functions.
Nutrient-dense foods are rich in micronutrients, including fruits, vegetables, and legumes.

Professional Guidance in Nutrition

For weight loss advice, a registered dietitian (RD) is the most qualified professional.

Malnutrition and Immune System

Primary deficiency in malnutrition occurs when a person lacks adequate nutrient intake.
Protein malnutrition diminishes immune response; macrophages can engulf a wide range of pathogens.
Vaccinations function by activating the immune response through weakened or killed antigens.

Gastrointestinal System

Digestion involves mechanical and chemical processes to break down food.
Absorption is the process of nutrients passing through the gastrointestinal wall.
The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.
Accessory organs aiding in digestion include the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas.

Nutritional Science and Research

The scientific method involves generating hypotheses as a crucial second step.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are considered the strongest forms of scientific evidence in nutrition.

Hormonal Regulation and the Microbiome

The endocrine system regulates bodily functions through hormones.
The microbiome comprises trillions of microorganisms that influence health, mood, and immune function.
Gut health can be affected positively by fiber intake, leading to the production of butyrate.

Food Access and Industry Influence

One in nine people globally suffers from chronic undernourishment due to food distribution issues.
The U.S. food industry often promotes overeating to maintain profitability.

Calories and Nutritional Value

Energy in food is measured in calories or kilocalories; one kcal raises the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.
Nutritional advice from social media platforms lacks scientific credibility and is labeled anecdotal.

Food Quality and Dietary Recommendations

Nutrient-dense foods are high in micronutrients, while energy-dense foods typically offer minimal nutrients.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for macronutrients are:
- Carbohydrates: 45-65%
- Protein: 10-35%
- Fat: 20-35%
Empty calories originate from solid fats and added sugars with few nutrients.

Food Deserts and Wellness

Food deserts are areas with limited access to affordable and healthy food options.
Wellness encompasses multiple health aspects, including emotional, occupational, spiritual, social, and physical well-being.

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Description

Review essential concepts of nutrition with these flashcards. This quiz covers important definitions and the significance of diet in public health. Perfect for students studying nutrition at TCC or anyone interested in understanding how food impacts health.

Nutrition 101 TCC Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes nutrition?

According to the American Medical Association, what was the #1 cause of preventable death in the US in 2016?

What is the purpose of nutrition?

Which class of nutrients provides the primary source of energy for our bodies?

Which element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat?

Which of the following nutrients yields the most energy per gram?

What are minerals?

Who would be the best source of nutrition advice for a weight loss program?

In malnutrition, what is a primary deficiency?

What do nutrient-dense foods refer to?

What is the second step of the scientific method?

Which food is most likely to have the greatest nutrient density?

A diet that is adequate for one person is also adequate for all humans.

Which immune cells are capable of engulfing anything from E.Coli to little plastic beads?

How do vaccinations help the body develop immunity?

How does protein malnutrition affect the immune system?

What are the two functioning parts of the immune system?

What does the immune system do?

What amino acid does the immune system use for fuel?

Which organ is most responsible for prompting us to seek food?

Which agency regulates food labels in the US?

What is the term that describes the process in which nutrients pass through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract?

What type of absorption requires the use of a carrier protein but not energy?

Which nutrient's chemical digestion begins with salivary amylase?

The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA's) were originally adopted to prevent which diseases?

The US food industry must encourage Americans to overeat if it is to remain profitable.

What is appetite?

Hunger is described as what?

Which are examples of carbohydrate-rich foods?

King T'Challa consumes how many kilocalories from 80 grams of carbohydrate, 20 grams of protein, and 10 grams of fat?

What is the sequence of the GI tract organs during digestion and absorption?

Which statements about the enteric nervous system are true?

What does the enteric nervous system translate chemical signals into?

What is the main nerve fiber that sends signals to and from the brain and GI tract?

What does the Gut-Brain axis refer to?

What is the information provided on a food label that identifies nutrient intake called?

Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?

What describes the microbiome?

What does our microbiome produce from fiber digestion that can reduce inflammation?

How can our microbiome influence us?

What are probiotics?

What are proteins that speed up body processes called?

What is a primary function of mucus in the stomach?

What is the process called when bile breaks up lipid globules into smaller droplets?

Good food is nutrient-dense food that is produced sustainably.

What are empty calories?

Eating out at any restaurant is always healthier than making a meal at home.

How does the US food industry attempt to influence our diet?

What are the four biological drives?

List four other aspects of wellness besides nutrition.

Energy in food is measured in what?

One kcal is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of _____________ kg of water _____________ by one degree Celsius.

What are three ways to clean and remove contaminants in our faucet water?

What is the best form of scientific evidence as it relates to nutrition?

In a _____________ experiment, participants AND researchers are unaware of which is the treatment group and which is the control group.

What is the AMDR for carbohydrates (as a percentage)?

What is the AMDR for protein?

The AMDR for fat is _____ to _____%

The system of hormones that helps to control bodily functioning is called the ____________ system.

The process of mechanically and chemically breaking down food into smaller molecules is called ____________.

The process of taking these molecules into the intestinal wall is called ____________.

A series of organs arranged in a long tube that work together to process food is called the ____________.

List 4 of the 6 organs of the GI tract discussed in class.

List 2 of the 4 accessory organs involved in digestion.

The cranial nerve that allows communication between the stomach and brain is called the ____________ nerve.

The United Nations estimates that one in ____________ people are chronically undernourished.

A person who can give nutrition advice and prescribe diets is called a ____________.

The good bugs that are on our skin and inside our bodies that affect our health and behavior is called the ____________.

Before food even enters the mouth, the process of digestion will begin when humans start to ____________ about food.

The enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates is salivary ____________.

The enzyme that breaks down protein is a ____________.

The enzyme that breaks down lipids is a ____________.

How many hormones are involved in the process of GI regulation?

The liver produces ____________ that is stored in the ____________ which then emulsifies fats.

The absorption process where nutrients can freely pass across the intestinal wall is called ____________.

The absorption process where nutrients need a protein carrier but not energy to pass across the intestinal wall is called ____________.

The absorption process where nutrients need a protein carrier & energy to pass across the intestinal wall is called ____________.

What is nutritional advice from Instagram often considered?

One kcal is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of _ kg of water _ by one degree Celsius.

The AMDR for fat is _ to _%

The liver produces that is stored in the which then emulsifies fats.