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Questions and Answers
What is a theory?
A set of statements that tentatively describe, explain, or predict relationships among concepts.
Who is associated with the Theory of Interpersonal Relations?
Hildegard Peplau
What are nursing theories meant to define?
What nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it.
Which of the following stages in the development of nursing theory is characterized by borrowed knowledge from other disciplines?
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What does integrated knowledge in nursing theory incorporate?
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Match the nursing theorists with their theories:
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What are the two types of definitions in nursing theories?
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In nursing theory, a __________ is an educated guess supported by observation.
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Metatheory is the lowest level of theory in terms of abstraction.
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Which theory focuses on more limited scope and addresses specific phenomena?
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Study Notes
Defining Nursing Theories
- Nursing theories are organized bodies of knowledge defining nursing's purpose and practice, establishing it as a unique discipline.
- They guide nursing practice at a concrete and specific level.
Historical Overview of Nursing Theories
- 1952: Hildegard Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations.
- 1962: Ida Jean Orlando's focus on meeting patients' immediate needs.
- 1970: Martha Rogers' view of nursing as both science and art.
- 1971: Dorothea Orem's theory emphasizing nursing care when clients cannot fulfill their needs.
- 1971: Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment, focusing on nurse-patient collaboration.
- 1979: Sr. Callista Roy's Adaptation Model, emphasizing maintaining balance.
Stages in Nursing Theory Development
- Silent Knowledge: Blind obedience to medical authority; minimal theory development.
- Received Knowledge: Learning through others; borrowing from other disciplines.
- Subjective Knowledge: Internalized authority; focus on defining nursing and developing theories about nursing (nurse-centric).
- Procedural Knowledge: Connecting separate knowledge; applying theory to practice with attention to methodology.
- Constructed Knowledge: Integrating intuition, reason, and self-knowledge; building upon empirical studies and clinical experience.
- Integrated Knowledge: Assimilating evidence from literature; emphasizing clinical application through situation-specific and middle-range theories.
Components of a Theory
- Concepts: Building blocks of theories; abstract or concrete ideas (e.g., noise, cleanliness).
- Definitions: Explain concepts within the theory's context. Two types exist: theoretical and operational.
- Assumptions: "Taken for granted" statements shaping the theory's nature and relationships between concepts.
- Phenomenon: Term describing an idea or response to events or situations (e.g., caring, stress).
- Conceptual Framework: Interrelated concepts conveying a mental image of a phenomenon; it identifies concepts and their relationships to core disciplinary concerns (person, environment, health, nursing).
- Hypothesis: An educated guess testable through observation or experimentation.
- Theoretical Model: Pictorial representation of concepts and their interactions.
Classifying Nursing Theories
- Based on Scope: Metatheory (theories about theories), Grand Theory (broad, complex frameworks), Middle-Range Theories (focused on specific phenomena).
- Based on Purpose: Categorized according to their function and application.
- According to Meleis: A classification system outlining different theoretical types.
Examples of Grand Theories
- Roy Adaptation Model
- Orem's Self-Care Theory
- Watson's Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring
- King's Goal Attainment Theory
- Nightingale's Environmental Theory
Middle-Range Theories
- More focused scope than grand theories; readily applicable to practice. They address specific phenomena such as pain, stress, or adaptation.
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Description
Explore the evolution of nursing theories, from Hildegard Peplau's interpersonal relations to Sr. Callista Roy's adaptation model. This quiz covers key theorists and the stages of nursing theory development to enhance your understanding of nursing as a unique discipline.
