Nursing History and Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of QSEN?

To prepare nurses with the competencies necessary to continuously improve the quality and safety of the healthcare systems in which they work

What are the five vital signs?

Temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and pain

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing communication?

  • Patient's past history (correct)
  • Patient's values
  • Roles & Relationships
  • Gender
  • Cultural/Language
  • Environment
  • Altered Sensory Perception

Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic communication skill?

<p>Sharing Personal Opinions (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a sign of Erythema?

<p>Sacrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a sign of dehydration?

<p>Dryness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ABCDE stand for in melanoma assessment?

<p>Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a health assessment?

<p>To establish a database of the patient's abilities, interpret physical data and compare findings laterally with normal, decide on interventions based on data obtained</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of documentation strategy?

<p>PIE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An incident report is part of the patient's chart.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of patient records?

<p>Communication, diagnostic and therapeutic orders, care planning, quality process and performance improvement, research; decision analysis, education, credentialing, regulation, and legislation, reimbursement, legal and historical documentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an unintentional tort?

<p>Negligence (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in implementing evidence-based practice?

<p>Develop a research study to test a new intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of PICO?

<p>Person, population, or problem of interest; Intervention of interest; Comparison of interest; Outcome of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between systole and diastole?

<p>Systole is the contraction of the heart muscle, which pumps blood out to the body. Diastole is the relaxation of the heart muscle, which allows the heart to fill with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a cardiovascular assessment?

<p>Percussion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which heart sound is auscultated as "lub"?

<p>S1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of venous insufficiency?

<p>Warmth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?

<p>High estrogen levels (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of phlebitis?

<p>Coolness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of breath sounds?

<p>Crackles, Rhonchi, Wheezes, Stridor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Biot's respirations associated with?

<p>Intracranial pressure &amp; respiratory compromise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Florence Nightingale

Founder of modern nursing, introduced education to nurses, and began nursing research during the Crimean War.

Dorothea Dix

Established the Nurse Corps in the US Army.

Clara Barton

Organized the American Red Cross.

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

Focuses on the relationship between environment and health, emphasizing factors like sunlight, fresh air, and nutrition.

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Peplau's Theory

Highlights the importance of interpersonal relationships in nursing.

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Rogers' Theory

Considers energy fields and a holistic approach, emphasizing comforting patients non-invasively.

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Henderson's Theory

Aims to help patients gain independence.

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Orem's Self-Care Theory

Focuses on patients' abilities to manage their own care.

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King's Goal Attainment Theory

Emphasizes setting and reaching goals in a patient's care.

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Neuman's Systems Model

Explores how individuals react to stress.

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Roy's Adaptation Model

Focuses on the patient's adaptive responses to better health.

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Maslow's Hierarchy

Prioritizes nursing care by addressing needs from basic (physiological) to higher levels (e.g., self-actualization).

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ABCs of Life Support

Prioritization in emergency situations: Airway, Breathing, Circulation.

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QSEN Competencies

Patient-Centered Care, Teamwork and Collaboration, Evidence-Based Practice, Quality Improvement, Safety, and Informatics.

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QSEN

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses, focusing on safety and quality.

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Patient-Centered Care

Recognizing the patient as the central part of care, respecting their values and needs.

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Teamwork and Collaboration

Joint action by multiple people.

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Evidence-Based Practice

Using the best evidence to provide optimal care.

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Therapeutic Communication

Focuses on the patient and their concerns.

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Communication Congruence

Verbal and nonverbal communication should match for clarity.

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Intrapersonal Communication

Inner conversations with oneself.

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Color Assessment

Observing changes in skin and mucous membrane color (e.g., pallor, cyanosis, jaundice).

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Moisture Assessment

Evaluating skin dryness or excessive moisture for clues about health.

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Temperature Assessment

Checking skin temperature and warmth.

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Braden Scale

Assessing risk of skin breakdown in patients.

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Study Notes

Florence Nightingale

  • Founder of modern nursing
  • Introduced nursing education
  • Began research during the Crimean War (handwashing)
  • Noticed the relationship between environment and health

Dorothea Dix

  • Established the Nurse Corps in the US Army

Clara Barton

  • Organized the American Red Cross

Nursing Theorists

  • Nightingale: environmental theory (fresh air, sunlight, nutrition)
  • Peplau: interpersonal relationships
  • Rogers: energy fields in the environment (holistic)
  • Henderson: patient independence
  • Orem: self-care theory
  • King: goal attainment theory
  • Neuman: response to stress
  • Roy: adaptive responses to health

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • A theory of human motivation
  • Describes levels of needs (physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization)

ABCs

  • A mnemonic for prioritizing care in emergency situations
  • Airway
  • Breathing
  • Circulation

QSEN

  • Quality and Safety Education for Nurses
  • Purposes: prepare nurses with safety and quality competencies

QSEN Competencies

  • Patient-Centered Care
  • Teamwork and Collaboration
  • Evidence-Based Practice
  • Quality Improvement
  • Safety

Communication Techniques

  • Open-ended questions
  • Validating/clarifying
  • Reflective listening
  • Silence
  • General leads

Communication Congruence

  • Verbal and nonverbal communication should match for effective communication
  • 80% of communication is nonverbal

Factors Influencing Communication

  • Gender
  • Culture & language
  • Sensory perception/values
  • Environmental factors (emotional state)

Nurse-Client Relationship Phases

  • Orientation: establishing trust and rapport
  • Working phase: implementing interventions
  • Termination phase: ending the relationship professionally

Vital Sign Assessment

  • Temperature: Oral, Tympanic, Axillary, Rectal, Temporal
  • Pulse: Radial, Apical
  • Respiration Rate
  • Blood Pressure

Pain Assessment

  • OLDCARTS: (Onset, Location, Duration, Character, Aggravating Factors, Relieving Factors, Treatment, Severity)

Additional Topics

  • Information and technology
  • Nursing diagnosis
  • Health assessment types
  • Assessment of values/ beliefs, coping, stress tolerance, sexuality, reproduction
  • Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
  • Neurological assessment (cranial nerves, reflexes)
  • Skin assessment (color, moisture, texture, turgor)
  • Various methods of vital sign assessment
  • Physical assessment of head, eyes, ears, nose, throat, neck, etc.
  • Skin, hair, nails assessment
  • Peripheral vascular assessment

Other Additional Topics

  • Various mental conditions assessments (depression, anxiety etc)
  • Various diagnoses for various diseases
  • Other health assessments (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc)

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