Nursing Second Year Overview

Nursing Second Year Study Notes

• This document contains study notes for a Nursing second-year program.
• Various topics are covered, including sleep problems in children, neck pain, the eye, pesticides, and the heart.

Sleep Problems with Children

• Sleep is essential for rest and replenishing energy.
• Newborns need up to 16 hours of sleep daily.
• Sleep duration changes with age; 4-month olds, 6-month olds to one-year olds, one to five years, pre-school children (10-12 hours), and school-aged children (10 hours).
• Techniques for teaching older infants to sleep include establishing a consistent routine, avoiding exciting activities before bed, and avoiding interactions during the night.
• Common causes of nighttime sleeplessness in children include urinary tract infections, colic, teething, and colds.

Neck Pain

• Neck pain is often caused by mechanical or muscular issues.
• Acute, sudden, and intense neck pain is called a crick.
• Possible causes of neck pain include trauma, injury, stress, sleeping in an uncomfortable position, and prolonged computer use.
• Diagnosing neck pain may involve checking neck movement, examining nerves, muscles, spine, neck, and hands, and requiring X-rays, scans, or blood tests.
• Treatment options for neck pain can include chiropractic care and physiotherapy, as well as medication to ease pain.

The Eye

• The eye is a round organ that works with the brain to provide vision.
• The eye's function is to work with the brain to provide vision.
• The eye's parts include: Lens, Pupil, Cornea, Iris, Retina, Optic nerve, and Sclera.
• The lens is a transparent crystalline structure.
• The nerve tissue detects light entering the eye.
• Light-sensitive receptors are found in the retina (Rods and cones).

Pesticides

• Pesticides are chemicals used to control or eliminate pests.
• Pesticides can pose a health risk to humans, especially if residual pesticides remain on food crops after processing.
• Reducing pesticide risk involves minimizing pesticide usage and selecting low-risk pesticides, then washing and peeling fruits and vegetables.
• Organic farming methods enhance soil quality and reduce pesticide usage, enabling waste recycling and maintaining a clean environment.

The Heart

• The human heart is a pear-shaped organ roughly the size of a fist.
• The heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body.
• Heartbeats create blood pressure.
• The heart is situated in the chest cavity, between the lungs.
• The heart has four chambers: atria and ventricles.
• The left side of the heart pumps blood throughout the body, while the right side pumps blood to the lungs.