Nursing Research Methods and Communication Quiz

PICOT Framework

• P: Population or Patient - The specific group being studied.
• I: Intervention - The treatment or action being tested.
• C: Comparison - The alternative group or treatment against which the intervention is measured.
• O: Outcome - The expected results or effects of the intervention.
• T: Time - The duration over which the study is conducted.
• Application in nursing research allows for structured clinical questions and focused evidence-based outcomes.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Methods in Nursing

• Qualitative research explores subjective experiences, beliefs, and social phenomena, often using interviews or focus groups.
• Quantitative research involves numerical data and statistical analysis, often through surveys and experiments to quantify nurse-patient interactions and outcomes.

Levels of Communication in Nursing

• Intrapersonal: Self-talk and internal thought processes influencing behavior and feelings.
• Interpersonal: Interactions between two individuals, crucial for patient assessments and rapport building.
• Small group: Communication within a small team or unit, fostering collaboration in care delivery.
• Public: Communication to larger audiences, such as health education sessions or community outreach.
• Electronic: Use of technology for communication, including emails, telehealth, and electronic health records.

Phases of Nurse-Patient Relationship

• Preinteraction: Preparation phase where the nurse gathers information about the patient before the first encounter.
• Orientation: Initial meeting where roles are defined, and patient-nurse rapport is established.
• Working: Active phase where patient needs are assessed, goals are set, and interventions are implemented.
• Termination: Closing phase where the relationship is concluded, and outcomes are evaluated.

Normal Ranges for Vital Signs

• Body Temperature: 97°F to 100.4°F (36.1°C to 38°C)
• Pulse: 60 to 100 beats per minute
• Respiratory Rate: 12 to 20 breaths per minute
• Blood Pressure: Systolic 90-120 mmHg, Diastolic 60-80 mmHg

Anatomical Landmarks for Apical Pulse/Point of Maximum Impulse (PMI)

• Located at the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line.
• Assess for one full minute to accurately determine heart rate and rhythm.

Pulse Pressure Calculation

• Pulse Pressure = Systolic Blood Pressure - Diastolic Blood Pressure
• Example: If systolic is 120 mmHg and diastolic is 80 mmHg, then:
  • Pulse Pressure = 120 - 80 = 40 mmHg
• Alternate equation: Use different values, e.g., systolic 140 mmHg and diastolic 90 mmHg:
  • 140 - 90 = 50 mmHg

Active vs. Passive Range of Motion (AROM vs. PROM)

• AROM: Patient performs movement independently to improve flexibility and strength.
• PROM: Caregiver assists or moves the patient's limbs, maintaining joint function and preventing stiffness.
• Importance: Enhances circulation and prevents muscle atrophy.

Consequences of Immobility

• Muscle atrophy: Loss of muscle mass due to lack of movement.
• Pressure ulcers: Skin integrity compromised due to prolonged pressure.
• Blood clots: Increased risk of venous thromboembolism from stagnant blood flow.

Nursing Interventions to Prevent Immobility Consequences

• Regular repositioning: Change patient position at least every two hours.
• Implement mobility programs: Encourage ambulation and physical therapy sessions.
• Use pressure-relieving devices: Employ specialized mattresses and cushions.

Intake and Output Examples

• Intake: Oral fluids (water, juice), food containing fluids (soups), IV fluids.
• Output: Urine, stool, drainage from wounds or tubes.