Podcast
Questions and Answers
Water accounts for 50% of an adult's weight.
Water accounts for 50% of an adult's weight.
True (A)
The amount of water in the body is higher in older adults.
The amount of water in the body is higher in older adults.
False (B)
Electrolytes are found in both intracellular and extracellular fluids.
Electrolytes are found in both intracellular and extracellular fluids.
True (A)
Intracellular fluid accounts for approximately 1/3rd of body fluids.
Intracellular fluid accounts for approximately 1/3rd of body fluids.
Interstitial fluid is a sub-compartment of intracellular fluid.
Interstitial fluid is a sub-compartment of intracellular fluid.
Maintaining normal fluid and electrolyte levels is critical for normal body function and homeostasis.
Maintaining normal fluid and electrolyte levels is critical for normal body function and homeostasis.
Fat cells contain more water than muscle cells.
Fat cells contain more water than muscle cells.
Extracellular fluid is more difficult to lose than intracellular fluid.
Extracellular fluid is more difficult to lose than intracellular fluid.
Transcellular fluid is approximately 1 L of the total body fluid.
Transcellular fluid is approximately 1 L of the total body fluid.
Third spacing is a normal movement of fluid between compartments.
Third spacing is a normal movement of fluid between compartments.
Body fluids facilitate the control of body temperature.
Body fluids facilitate the control of body temperature.
Electrolytes are only positively charged.
Electrolytes are only positively charged.
Sodium is the most abundant electrolyte in ICF.
Sodium is the most abundant electrolyte in ICF.
Retention of sodium is associated with loss of body fluids.
Retention of sodium is associated with loss of body fluids.
The body constantly ensures normal levels of electrolytes in both ICF and ECF.
The body constantly ensures normal levels of electrolytes in both ICF and ECF.
Oral liquids are the primary source of fluid loss.
Oral liquids are the primary source of fluid loss.
Water produced by metabolism is 300 units
Water produced by metabolism is 300 units
Osmosis is the movement of fluid from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration
Osmosis is the movement of fluid from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration
Filtration is a method of movement of fluid and electrolytes across compartments
Filtration is a method of movement of fluid and electrolytes across compartments
Normal blood osmolality is 250-270 mOsm/kg water
Normal blood osmolality is 250-270 mOsm/kg water
Isotonic solution has a higher osmolality than serum osmolality
Isotonic solution has a higher osmolality than serum osmolality
Oncotic pressure is the osmotic pressure exerted by albumin
Oncotic pressure is the osmotic pressure exerted by albumin
Sodium is abundant in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and crosses into the extracellular fluid (ECF) during diffusion
Sodium is abundant in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and crosses into the extracellular fluid (ECF) during diffusion
Active transport is the movement of substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
Active transport is the movement of substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
Filtration is the movement of water and solutes from an area of low pressure to one of high pressure.
Filtration is the movement of water and solutes from an area of low pressure to one of high pressure.
The hypothalamus is located in the middle of the brain.
The hypothalamus is located in the middle of the brain.
The pituitary gland produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
The pituitary gland produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
The kidneys excrete 1 to 2 L of urine daily.
The kidneys excrete 1 to 2 L of urine daily.
The nephron is the entire kidney.
The nephron is the entire kidney.
The heart and blood vessels create the pressure for filtration of urine in the kidneys.
The heart and blood vessels create the pressure for filtration of urine in the kidneys.
The lungs are responsible for acid-base balance.
The lungs are responsible for acid-base balance.
The adrenal glands are responsible for producing aldosterone and cortisol.
The adrenal glands are responsible for producing aldosterone and cortisol.
Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphate balance.
Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphate balance.
Urine is formed by the liver.
Urine is formed by the liver.
The kidneys regulate electrolyte balance.
The kidneys regulate electrolyte balance.
The hypothalamus produces anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
The hypothalamus produces anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
The kidneys secrete renin in response to low blood pressure or low osmolality.
The kidneys secrete renin in response to low blood pressure or low osmolality.
Angiotensin II causes the kidneys to excrete sodium and water.
Angiotensin II causes the kidneys to excrete sodium and water.
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain sodium.
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium and retain sodium.
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances can lead to ill health.
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances can lead to ill health.
The bladder stores urine until it is excreted during micturition.
The bladder stores urine until it is excreted during micturition.
Study Notes
Body Fluid Composition, Distribution, and Regulation
Introduction
- Water accounts for 60% of an adult's weight, varying with age, gender, and body fat
- Maintaining normal fluid and electrolyte levels is critical for normal body function, homeostasis, and acid-base balance
Compartments of Body Fluids
- 2/3 of body fluids are found inside cells (Intracellular Fluid, ICF)
- Mainly found in skeletal muscles
- Lost mainly through cell trauma or fluid shift
- 1/3 of body fluids are found outside cells (Extracellular Fluid, ECF)
- Sub-compartments:
- Interstitial fluid (around cells, e.g., lymph)
- Intravascular fluid (inside blood vessels, e.g., plasma)
- Transcellular fluid (e.g., synovial, cerebrospinal, pericardial, intraocular, pleural, sweat, and digestive secretions)
- Sub-compartments:
Third Spacing
- Abnormal movement of ICF or ECF into other spaces not aimed at homeostasis
- Examples: bleeding into joints, ascites, burns, and bowel obstruction
Functions of Body Fluids
- Maintains the structure of cells, tissues, and organs
- Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
- Transports metabolic waste for excretion
- Facilitates control of body temperature
- Lubricates joints for movement
Electrolytes
- Active chemicals in body fluids
- Can be positively (cation) or negatively (anion) charged
- Electrolyte concentrations vary across fluid compartments (ICF and ECF)
- Sodium (Na+) is the most abundant electrolyte in ECF
- Retention of sodium is associated with retention of body fluids
Fluid and Electrolyte Gain or Loss
- Fluid gain: oral liquids, water in food, and water produced by metabolism
- Fluid loss: urine, stool, insensible loss (lungs and skin)
Movement of Fluid and Electrolytes
- Osmosis: movement of fluid from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
- Diffusion: movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
- Filtration: movement of water and solutes from an area of high pressure to one of lower pressure
- Active transport (Sodium-Potassium pump): a cell's use of energy to actively move substances across its cell wall
Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Hypothalamus: detects changes in blood serum concentration and stimulates the pituitary gland to release hormones to control kidney function
- Pituitary gland: stores and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to regulate kidney function
- Kidneys: filters 180L of plasma into urine daily, regulates ECF volume and concentration, and removes metabolic waste
- Heart and blood vessels: pumps blood throughout the body and creates the pressure for filtration of urine in the kidneys
- Lungs: excrete 300ml of water daily and control acid-base balance
- Adrenal glands: produce aldosterone to regulate kidney's sodium and water absorption/retention
- Parathyroid glands: regulate calcium and phosphate balance
Urine Formation
- Formed by the kidneys
- Urine consists of water and waste products mainly of protein breakdown
- Under the influence of hormones from the endocrine system, the kidneys regulate water balance and maintain blood pH within the normal range
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Description
This quiz assesses understanding of body fluids and electrolytes, including their nature, function, and imbalances. It also covers nursing interventions to correct these imbalances.
