Podcast
Questions and Answers
1 tablespoon (Tbsp) is equivalent to _____ teaspoons (tsp).
1 tablespoon (Tbsp) is equivalent to _____ teaspoons (tsp).
3 tsp
How many ounces are there in a pint?
How many ounces are there in a pint?
16 fluid ounces
What is the common dosage calculation formula used in nursing?
What is the common dosage calculation formula used in nursing?
An IV flow rate can be calculated with the formula Total Volume (mL) / Total Time (hr).
An IV flow rate can be calculated with the formula Total Volume (mL) / Total Time (hr).
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A microgram is equivalent to _____ grams.
A microgram is equivalent to _____ grams.
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What is the antidote for Warfarin?
What is the antidote for Warfarin?
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Which of the following routes is the most rapid for medication administration?
Which of the following routes is the most rapid for medication administration?
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Diuretics can lead to low potassium levels in the body.
Diuretics can lead to low potassium levels in the body.
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What is the abbreviation for 'administered orally'?
What is the abbreviation for 'administered orally'?
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The 'Z-track' method is used for injecting _____ medications.
The 'Z-track' method is used for injecting _____ medications.
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What is one potential side effect of long-term corticosteroid use?
What is one potential side effect of long-term corticosteroid use?
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Which of these medications should NOT be given to heart failure patients?
Which of these medications should NOT be given to heart failure patients?
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Digoxin affects blood pressure but not heart rate.
Digoxin affects blood pressure but not heart rate.
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What is the therapeutic range for Digoxin?
What is the therapeutic range for Digoxin?
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Calcium channel blockers are used to treat _________ and angina.
Calcium channel blockers are used to treat _________ and angina.
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Match the medication with its primary side effect:
Match the medication with its primary side effect:
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Bile acid sequestrants lower LDL cholesterol by binding bile acids in the gut.
Bile acid sequestrants lower LDL cholesterol by binding bile acids in the gut.
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What should patients avoid when taking HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?
What should patients avoid when taking HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?
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What is a common side effect of vasodilators?
What is a common side effect of vasodilators?
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When should transdermal patches be removed?
When should transdermal patches be removed?
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Digoxin can cause toxicity if potassium levels are ______.
Digoxin can cause toxicity if potassium levels are ______.
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Study Notes
Measurement Equivalents
- 3 teaspoons (tsp) equals 1 tablespoon (Tbsp).
- 1 tablespoon equals 1 fluid ounce.
- 8 ounces (oz) equals 1 cup.
- 2 cups equals 1 pint.
- 2 pints equals 1 quart.
- 4 quarts equals 1 gallon.
- 1 juice glass equals 4 oz.
- 1 teacup equals 6 oz.
- 1 teaspoon equals 5 mL.
- 1 tablespoon equals 15 mL or 3 tsp.
- 1 gram equals 1000 mg.
- 1 microgram equals 0.000001 grams.
- 1 kilogram equals 2.2 lbs.
- 1 mg equals 1000 mcg or 0.001 grams.
- 1 lb equals 16 oz.
Dosage Calculations
- Basic formula: Dose Required × Quantity = Dose on Hand × X.
- Example: For 25 mg of Metoprolol available as 50 mg tablets, administer 0.5 tablets.
- Infusion time calculation: Total Volume ÷ mL/hr = Total Time.
- Example: Infuse 1L of NS at 125 mL/hr to run for 8 hours.
- Calculate drops per minute using: Total Volume × Drop Factor ÷ Total Time (in minutes).
Medication Administration Routes
- Topical: Application through skin; forms include ointments, gels, and patches.
- Nasal: Administered for allergies and congestion; forms are sprays and inhalers.
- Oral: Medications taken by mouth; insulin cannot be administered orally.
- Vaginal: Includes gels, foams, and IUDs for birth control.
- Otic: Directly instilled into the ear; administration varies between adults and children.
- Ophthalmic: For eye conditions; follow proper application techniques to avoid contamination.
- Inhalants: Includes MDIs and nebulizers, proper inhalation techniques are crucial.
- Buccal: Medications placed in the cheek; avoid eating/drinking for 15-20 minutes post-administration.
- Sublingual: Under the tongue for rapid absorption.
- NG Tube: Needs are met with liquids or crushed tablets, ensuring proper placement.
- Rectal: Includes enemas, suppositories, and ointments.
- Intradermal: Used for testing, requires specific administration techniques.
- Subcutaneous: Injection into fatty tissue; rotate sites, and do not aspirate.
- Intramuscular: Used for various medications with specific sites and techniques.
- Intravenous: Rapid administration of medications or fluids; monitor closely for complications.
7 Rights of Safe Medication Administration
- Right person
- Right drug
- Right dose
- Right time
- Right route
- Right technique
- Right documentation
Skin Disorders & Their Treatments
- Skin disorders classified as inflammatory, infectious, or cancerous.
- Treatment for bacterial infections includes antibiotics and topicals containing benzoyl peroxide.
- Antifungals for yeast infections (e.g., Clotrimazole for Tinea; Nystatin for candidiasis).
- Inflammatory skin conditions like eczema treated with topical corticosteroids (Hydrocortisone acetate).
- Psoriasis managed with topical treatments and phototherapy.
- Skin cancers including basal cell carcinoma (most common, treated surgically) and malignant melanoma (more aggressive, requiring extensive treatment).
Musculoskeletal System Medications
- Glucocorticosteroids: Decrease inflammation; associated with several side effects including Cushing's syndrome.
- DMARDs: Slow disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate is a common treatment.
- Muscle Relaxants/Skeletal Muscle Spasm Treatment: Includes Cyclobenzaprine and Baclofen.
- Gout Treatment: NSAIDs and anti-inflammatory medications to relieve acute symptoms.
Opioids
- Strong pain relief with higher addiction potential; monitored for overdose risk.
- Examples include Morphine, Fentanyl, and the antidote Naloxone.
Antiseizure Medications
- Various classes including Barbiturates and GABA analogs.
- Common medications are Phenytoin and Benzos like Diazepam.
Insulin and Diabetes Medications
- Different insulin types: Rapid-acting, Short-acting, Intermediate-acting, Long-acting, and Inhaled insulin.
- Various oral hypoglycemic agents (e.g., Metformin, Sulfonylureas).
- Regular insulin is the only type administered IV.
Antihypertensives
- ACE Inhibitors: -pril suffix drugs reduce BP and have renal protective effects.
- ARBs: -sartan suffix drugs block angiotensin receptors.
- Beta-Blockers: Reduce heart rate and BP; important to monitor pulse and BP before administration.
Diuretics
- Thiazide, Loop, and Potassium-sparing diuretics each have specific mechanisms and potassium considerations.
- Monitor for signs of electrolyte imbalance and renal function throughout diuretic therapy.
These notes summarize key medication facts and administration methods vital for effective pharmacological management and patient safety.### Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
- Primarily used for treating hypertension (HTN), angina, and coronary artery spasm
- Mechanism: Block calcium (Ca²⁺) entry into vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to relaxation
- Effects: Reduces myocardial contraction force, heart rate, and peripheral vascular resistance
- Benefits: Dilates coronary arteries, increases myocardial oxygen delivery, and decreases oxygen demand
- Common side effects: Edema, dysrhythmias
- Administration consideration: Do not crush or open capsules; monitor for orthostatic hypotension
- Contraindication: Not suitable for patients with heart failure (HF)
- Monitor heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) before administration; withhold if BP < 90 or HR < 60
- Common medications include Amlodipine (Norvasc), Diltiazem (Cardizem), Nefidipine (Procardia XL), and Verapamil Hydrochloride (Isoptin, Calan)
Vasodilators
- Indicated in managing heart failure and hypertension; can prevent and treat angina
- Actions: Relaxes smooth muscle, lowers BP, enhances oxygen delivery to major organs
- Administration: Rotate transdermal patches; patches should be removed after 12-14 hours and be patch-free for 10-12 hours
- Monitor potassium (K) levels; assess for hypotension before administration
- Side effects: Headaches, flushing, and hypotension
- Important drug interactions: Avoid using with Viagra (sildenafil)
- Key medications include Nitroglycerin, Nitroprusside, Isosorbide, and Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Cardiac Glycosides
- Used for heart failure, potentially as an antiarrhythmic
- Does not significantly affect blood pressure; primarily influences heart rate
- Therapeutic range: 0.5 - 2.0 ng/mL for Digoxin
- Positive inotropic effect: Improves myocardial contractility and output
- Negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects: Reduces HR and slows AV conduction
- Considerations: Monitor potassium (K⁺) and Digoxin levels as low K⁺ increases toxicity risk
- Toxicity symptoms: Visual disturbances, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, irregular pulse, and confusion
- Commonly prescribed medication: Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Dysrhythmias Treatment
- Sodium Channel Blockers: Includes Propafenone (Rhythmol), Flecainide (Tambocor), Quinidine (Quinidex)
- Beta Blockers: Includes Atenolol (Tenormin), Propranolol (Inderal)
- Potassium Channel Blockers: Includes Amiodarone (Cordarone), Sotalol (Betapace), Bretylium
- Calcium Channel Blockers: Includes Diltiazem (Cardizem), Verapamil (Isoptin)
Key Treatment Insights
- All medications except Digoxin may lower BP
- Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers may reduce HR
- Avoid giving calcium channel blockers to heart failure patients
- Digoxin, beta blockers, vasodilators, and diuretics are appropriate for heart failure
- ACE inhibitors/ARBs are contraindicated in pregnancy
Lipid Disorders Overview
- HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein): Considered "good" cholesterol
- LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein): Considered "bad" cholesterol
- VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein): Also considered "bad" cholesterol
Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors)
- Reduce blood lipid levels by decreasing liver cholesterol production
- Increase LDL receptors and inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme
- Watch for side effects: Liver toxicity, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis
- Monitor liver function tests (LFTs) and creatine kinase (CK) levels; avoid alcohol and grapefruit juice
- Take statins in the evening for optimal effect; common medications include Atorvastatin (Lipitor), Rosuvastatin (Crestor), Simvastatin (Zocor)
Bile Acid Sequestrants
- Reduce LDL cholesterol by binding bile acids in the gut, promoting their excretion
- Patients should increase fiber and fluid intake; medication may interfere with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
- Side effects: Constipation, flatulence, gastrointestinal disturbances
- Common medications include Colesevelam (Welchol), Cholestyramine (Questran)
Fibric Acid Derivatives
- Lower triglyceride synthesis in the liver and increase HDL cholesterol levels
- Monitor LFTs and CK levels for hepatotoxicity and myopathy risks
- Side effects: Gallstones and gastrointestinal upset
- Common medications include Fenofibrate (Tricor) and Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
General Considerations for Hyperlipidemic Medications
- All medications that affect the liver and lipid profile; most are contraindicated during pregnancy
- Routine monitoring of liver function tests is critical to ensure safety and efficacy.
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Description
This quiz tests your knowledge of various medical calculations and conversions, including dosage calculations, IV flow rates, and unit conversions.
