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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
What is the primary characteristic of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
What is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States?
What is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States?
What is Emphysema characterized by?
What is Emphysema characterized by?
What is a major risk factor for developing COPD?
What is a major risk factor for developing COPD?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of COPD?
What is a common clinical manifestation of COPD?
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What is a medical management option for COPD?
What is a medical management option for COPD?
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What is a possible complication of COPD?
What is a possible complication of COPD?
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What is a characteristic of Chronic Bronchitis?
What is a characteristic of Chronic Bronchitis?
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What is a common symptom of asthma that worsens with exercise?
What is a common symptom of asthma that worsens with exercise?
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What is the overall goal of treatment for asthma?
What is the overall goal of treatment for asthma?
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What is the function of bronchodilators in asthma treatment?
What is the function of bronchodilators in asthma treatment?
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What is a characteristic of a severe asthma attack?
What is a characteristic of a severe asthma attack?
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What is a type of bronchodilator?
What is a type of bronchodilator?
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What is the purpose of patient education in asthma management?
What is the purpose of patient education in asthma management?
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What is a potential side effect of bronchodilators?
What is a potential side effect of bronchodilators?
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What is the purpose of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma treatment?
What is the purpose of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma treatment?
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What is a common feature of asthma?
What is a common feature of asthma?
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What is a common cause of COPD exacerbations?
What is a common cause of COPD exacerbations?
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Which of the following is a nursing diagnosis related to COPD?
Which of the following is a nursing diagnosis related to COPD?
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What is a type of asthma?
What is a type of asthma?
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What is a component of pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients?
What is a component of pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients?
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What is a symptom of COPD exacerbations?
What is a symptom of COPD exacerbations?
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What is a common trigger of asthma symptoms?
What is a common trigger of asthma symptoms?
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What is a component of education for COPD patients?
What is a component of education for COPD patients?
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Study Notes
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Characterized by chronic and progressive expiratory air flow limitations
- Fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. with increasing incidence
- Pathophysiology involves:
- Air flow restriction due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis
- Abnormal in ammation-mediated mucosa hypersecretion, mucus plugging, tissue edema, and goblet cells
- Bronchospasm and airway remodeling
- Emphysema: abnormal enlargement of airspace distal to terminal bronchioles, hyperinflation of the lungs
- Chronic bronchitis: narrowing of airway passage, airway obstruction
- Risk factors include:
- Tobacco
- Genetic factors
- Exposure to particles
- Biomass cooking in poorly ventilated areas
Clinical Manifestations of COPD
- Dyspnea
- Chronic cough (> 3 months)
- Sputum production
- Fatigue
- Frequent respiratory infections
- Use of accessory muscles
- Barrel chest
- Wheezing
- Pursed lip breathing
- Prolonged expiratory time
- Bronchitis
- Digital clubbing
- Thin in appearance
- Cor pulmonale (late in disease)
Medical Management of COPD
- Medications:
- Bronchodilators
- Inhaled corticosteroids
- Diuretics
- Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
- Alpha-1 replacement therapy
- Antibiotics
- Oxygen therapy
- Self-management:
- Smoking cessation
- Exercise
- Nutrition
- Education
- Vaccinations
Exacerbations and Complications of COPD
- Acute event characterized by a worsening of symptoms
- Causes include:
- Acute infection
- Heart failure
- Response to allergens and/or pollutants
- Often requires hospitalization and may be life-threatening
Nursing Management of COPD
- Education:
- Disease process
- Management of common problems
- Medications
- Self-care
- Acute management:
- Respiratory status
- Airway
- Cardiac status
- Pulmonary rehabilitation
Nursing Diagnosis related to COPD
- Impaired Gas Exchange
- Cough and Ineffective Airway Clearance
- Decreased Exercise Tolerance
- Nutrition
- Enhancing Self-Care Strategies
- Enhancing Individual Coping Strategies
Asthma
- Common disease characterized by obstruction of small airways
- Inflammation is a key underlying feature
- 18.7 million Americans have asthma
- Types of asthma:
- Allergic
- Non-allergic
- Late-onset
- Asthma with fixed air flow limitation
- Asthma with obesity
Pathophysiology of Asthma
- Common causes of asthma:
- Pollens
- Mold
- Animal dander
- Occupational exposure
- Smoking
- Dry, cold air
- Air pollution
- GERD
- High fatty or spicy foods
- Nasal polyps
- Symptoms typically occur at night or suddenly over several hours
Clinical Manifestations of Asthma
- Dyspnea
- Cough
- Wheezing (high-pitched)
- Chest tightness
- Tachycardia
- Worsen with:
- Exercise
- Exposure to allergens, irritants, or occupational irritants
- Weather changes
- Stress
- Menstrual cycle
- Strong emotions
- Between attacks, most people are symptom-free
Asthma Attack
- Mild attack:
- Feeling of chest tightness
- Slight increase in respiratory rate
- Mild wheezing
- Cough
- Able to talk
- Severe attack:
- Use of accessory muscles
- Gasping for breath
- Loud wheezing
- Very stressed or anxious
- Fatigue
- Skin – pale and clammy
- Status asthmaticus:
- Severe form of asthma refractory to initial therapy
- Can occur with little warning
Management of Asthma
- Overall goal of treatment:
- Reduce impairment
- Reduce risk of adverse outcomes
- Non-pharmacologic:
- Patient education
- Identifying and managing triggers
- Early warning signs
- Medications
- Monitoring for and treating exacerbations/complications
- Patient education
- Pharmacologic therapy (6-step process)
Pharmacologic Measures for Asthma
- Bronchodilators (anti-asthmatics):
- Dilate the airway
- Types: Xanthines, Sympathomimetics, and anti-cholinergics
- Administered as an inhaler or nebulizer
- Side effects: tachycardia
- Inhaled corticosteroids:
- Decrease inflammation in the airway
- Takes 2-3 weeks to respond
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics, pathophysiology, and treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Asthma, including air flow restriction, inflammation, and public health implications.
