Nursing Interventions for Hypertension and Cognition
52 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the American Heart Association's (AHA) 'Salty Six' referring to?

  • Six common stress reduction techniques.
  • Six food groups that are typically high in sodium. (correct)
  • Six daily exercise routines that are recommended for heart health.
  • Six specific types of medications used to treat hypertension.

Which of the following is NOT a recommended nursing intervention for managing hypertension?

  • Smoking cessation support.
  • Medication adherence encouragement.
  • Encouraging a sedentary lifestyle. (correct)
  • Dietary counseling.

Which age-related change impacts blood pressure and is listed in the text?

  • Loss of arterial elasticity. (correct)
  • Decreased systemic vascular resistance.
  • Increased elasticity of arteries.
  • Improved drug metabolism.

What specific nursing consideration is mentioned regarding nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in older adults?

<p>They should be used cautiously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nursing assessment recommended for hypertension?

<p>Regular BP monitoring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical initial assessment focus when evaluating a patient with suspected cognitive decline?

<p>Family history of autoimmune disorders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common early indicator of cognitive decline?

<p>Reduced interest in hobbies and usual activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assessment components is least likely to be critical in the medication history of a patient with cognitive decline?

<p>Use of over-the-counter vitamins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might movement problems suggest during the assessment of cognitive decline?

<p>Parkinson's disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of symptoms is most indicative of normal pressure hydrocephalus??

<p>Urinary incontinence, ataxia, and dementia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the structural brain changes associated with cognitive decline?

<p>Amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuron death. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely duration before clinical manifestations of cognitive decline appear?

<p>Pathologic brain changes occur at least 15 years before symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature typically observed in the mild stage of cognitive decline?

<p>Forgetfulness beyond what's seen in a normal person. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Stroke Volume (SV) primarily measure?

<p>The volume of blood expelled with each left ventricular contraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF) indicate?

<p>The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)?

<p>To oppose blood movement within blood vessels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Blood Pressure (BP), Cardiac Output (CO), and Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)?

<p>BP is calculated by multiplying CO and SVR. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinguishing factor between primary and secondary hypertension?

<p>Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension has a specific underlying cause. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a contributing factor to primary hypertension?

<p>Renal disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of secondary hypertension?

<p>Sleep apnea. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient suddenly presents with high blood pressure, which type of hypertension should be suspected?

<p>Secondary hypertension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group is associated with a 90% risk of hypertension?

<p>Age greater than 55 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood pressure pattern is more likely in older adults?

<p>Lower BP at home and higher in clinical settings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class presents a risk for hyperkalemia when used with ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or aldosterone antagonists?

<p>NSAIDs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is essential for all patients on hypertension medication?

<p>Assessing for symptoms of orthostatic hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended timing of diuretic administration to prevent nighttime urination?

<p>In the morning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a patient taking beta-blockers, what specific assessment is important related to respiratory problems?

<p>Assessing the use of nonselective beta blockers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is important to monitor in patients taking vasodilators?

<p>Increased blood volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific side effects should you monitor for patients taking ACE inhibitors or ARBs?

<p>First-dose hypotension, cough, hyperkalemia, and angioedema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of multiple sclerosis?

<p>Electric shock sensations down the spine with neck flexion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic finding is most indicative of multiple sclerosis?

<p>Increased IgG and oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal in the plan of care for a client with multiple sclerosis?

<p>Maximizing neuromuscular function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is most appropriate for a client with MS experiencing diplopia?

<p>Applying an eye patch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client with MS is having difficulty with bowel and bladder elimination. Which intervention would be appropriate?

<p>Administering anticholinergics and increasing fiber intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Increasing dopamine levels that the brain can use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical manifestation is a hallmark of Parkinson’s Disease?

<p>A progressive loss of involuntary movement with stooped posture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor requires extra caution when administering dopamine receptor agonists?

<p>Possibility of drowsiness and sleep attacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with Parkinson's disease?

<p>Progressive and significant weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of myasthenia gravis?

<p>Autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key feature of myasthenia gravis is:

<p>Muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological process directly affected by profound coronary artery disease (CAD)?

<p>Cardiac output and tissue perfusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is commonly observed in a client with myasthenia gravis?

<p>Ptosis , difficulty in swallowing, and double vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of managing hypertension, what is the primary focus of lifestyle modifications?

<p>Controlling modifiable risk factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic test is used to evaluate myasthenia gravis?

<p>Electromyography (EMG) to measure muscle response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with myasthenia gravis is experiencing a myasthenic crisis. Which of the following is a potential trigger?

<p>Starting corticosteroid therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

<p>Chronic stable angina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these medical interventions is used to test for Myasthenia Gravis?

<p>Anti-acetylcholinesterase test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cardiac output (CO) in relation to perfusion?

<p>CO directly determines the amount of blood distributed to tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic category places a patient at the greatest risk of severe perfusion issues according to the provided information?

<p>Individuals with profound coronary artery disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general approach for the collaborative care of hypertension as it is implied in the provided text?

<p>A combination of drug therapy and lifestyle modifications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients with hypertension be educated about as part of their ongoing care?

<p>How to monitor and manage their blood pressure, as well as medication info (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of nursing management is key in facilitating adherence to hypertension care plans?

<p>Educating and engaging the patient in their treatment regimen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease

Changes in brain structure and function: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, loss of connections between neurons, and neuron death.

β-amyloid proteins

The proteins that accumulate in the brain, contributing to amyloid plaques, eventually leading to neuronal dysfunction.

Tau proteins

These proteins are altered in AD, contributing to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, disrupting communication between neurons.

Mild Alzheimer's Disease

The first stage of Alzheimer's Disease characterized by mild cognitive impairment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Moderate Alzheimer's Disease

The second stage of Alzheimer's Disease, where memory loss and confusion become more pronounced.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Severe Alzheimer's Disease

The third stage of Alzheimer's Disease, characterized by severe cognitive decline and dependency on others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

10 Warning Signs of Alzheimer's Disease

A combination of symptoms that may indicate Alzheimer's Disease, including memory loss, confusion, and behavioral changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrogenesis

The gradual loss of learned skills and functions, often seen in Alzheimer's Disease, where more complex functions are affected first.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stroke Volume (SV)

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each heartbeat. It's a key measurement of the heart's pumping efficiency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heart Rate (HR)

The number of times the left ventricle contracts per minute, representing the heart's beat rate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF)

The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. Indicates how effectively the heart is contracting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Pressure (BP)

The force of blood against the walls of the blood vessels, a crucial indicator of circulatory health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Hypertension

The majority of hypertension cases, where there's no clear underlying medical cause.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Hypertension

A less common type of hypertension where a specific medical condition is the root cause.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Risk Factors for Hypertension

Refers to specific factors that contribute to the development of hypertension, such as age, family history, and lifestyle choices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

The force that blood encounters as it moves through the vessels, influencing blood pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the "Salty Six" foods according to the AHA?

The American Heart Association (AHA) has identified six food categories that contribute significantly to sodium intake in the American diet. These categories are: bread products, lunch meat and cured meats, pizza, soup, sandwiches, and poultry.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is hypertension?

Hypertension is a prevalent health issue affecting a significant portion of adults. This condition involves elevated blood pressure, posing risks to cardiovascular health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is regular BP monitoring and why is it important?

Regularly monitoring blood pressure is crucial for managing hypertension effectively. This involves using a blood pressure monitor to check readings at recommended intervals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some important lifestyle changes for managing hypertension?

A key aspect of managing hypertension involves making lifestyle changes. These changes can include adjusting diet, increasing physical activity, quitting smoking, and managing stress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does hypertension affect geriatric patients differently?

Hypertension affects older adults differently due to age-related changes in the cardiovascular system. These changes can include loss of arterial elasticity, increased vascular resistance, orthostatic hypotension, and altered drug metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parkinson's Disease

A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in a disruption of the balance between dopamine and acetylcholine, leading to tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Myasthenia Gravis

Occurs when antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness that fluctuates throughout the day.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

This condition occurs when the body's immune system attacks the myelin sheath, disrupting the flow of nerve impulses, leading to a range of symptoms including fatigue, weakness, and sensory disturbances.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Levodopa (Sinemet)

A medication that is a dopamine precursor, used to treat Parkinson's disease by increasing the level of dopamine in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dopamine Receptor Agonists

Drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors in the brain, used to treat Parkinson's disease by mimicking the effects of dopamine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tensilon (Edrophonium) Test

A test used to diagnose myasthenia gravis by assessing muscle weakness before and after the administration of a medication called edrophonium.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TRAP

The classic triad of symptoms seen in Parkinson's disease: tremors, rigidity, and akinesia/bradykinesia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tremor in Parkinson's Disease

An involuntary shaking or quivering of the body, often a prominent symptom of Parkinson's disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rigidity in Parkinson's Disease

Stiffness or resistance to movement, a cardinal feature of Parkinson's disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Akinesia/Bradykinesia in Parkinson's Disease

Slowness of movement, a characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease, encompassing both a decrease in movement and difficulty initiating movements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lack of Dopamine in Parkinson's Disease

The progressive loss of the ability to produce dopamine in the substantia nigra, a key feature of Parkinson's disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Postural Instability in Parkinson's Disease

A symptom of Parkinson's disease where individuals experience problems with balance and an increased risk of falls.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anticholinergics in Parkinson's Disease

A type of medication used to treat Parkinson's disease by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Baclofen

A medication used to treat muscle spasms and spasticity, often used to manage Parkinson's disease symptoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dantrolene

A type of medication used to manage muscle spasms and spasticity, often used to treat Parkinson's disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypertension's increased risk with age

Older adults face a higher risk of developing hypertension compared to younger people, with almost all people over 55 having hypertension.

Signup and view all the flashcards

White coat hypertension

A situation where blood pressure levels are high during doctor visits, but normal in everyday life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Post-meal BP fluctuations in elderly

Post-meal BP often dips in older patients. It's crucial to measure BP while lying down, sitting, and standing at every visit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NSAIDs Interaction with Hypertension Medications

Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) when taking certain hypertension medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and aldosterone antagonists can increase the risk of kidney problems and high potassium levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diuretics for hypertension

Diuretics are medications for hypertension that remove excess water and salt from the body, lowering blood pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beta Blockers: How they Work

Beta-blockers are hypertension medications that block the effects of adrenaline, slowing the heart rate and reducing the force of contractions, thus lowering blood pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calcium Channel Blockers for BP

Calcium channel blockers are hypertension medications that relax blood vessels, allowing blood to flow more easily and lowering blood pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

RAAS: How these medications work

These medications, like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and aldosterone antagonists, lower blood pressure by blocking or inhibiting the effects of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis is a build-up of plaque inside the arteries, causing narrowing and reducing blood flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition where plaque narrows the arteries delivering blood to the heart. This reduces oxygen supply to the heart muscle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Chronic Stable Angina?

Chronic stable angina is a type of chest pain that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen, usually triggered by exertion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How can Lifestyle Modifications help prevent CAD?

Lifestyle changes for preventing CAD involve eating a healthy diet, regular exercise, managing stress, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What Medications are used to treat CAD?

Drugs used to treat CAD aim to improve blood flow, prevent blood clots, and reduce heart workload. Examples include aspirin, beta-blockers, nitrates, and statins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What Diagnostic Tests are used for CAD?

Diagnostic tests such as EKG, stress tests, and coronary angiography are used to evaluate heart function and identify CAD.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Nursing Role in Managing CAD?

Nursing care for patients with CAD focuses on managing chest pain, promoting physical activity, educating on lifestyle changes, and monitoring for complications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the Potential Complications of CAD?

Potential complications of CAD include heart attack, stroke, and heart failure. These occur when the heart muscle is damaged due to insufficient oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Chronic Neurological Problems

  • Objectives of the study include differentiating the etiology, diagnostic tests, clinical manifestations, collaborative care, and nursing management of multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, myasthenia gravis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
  • The potential impact of chronic neurological disease on physical and psychological well-being is also discussed.
  • Comparison and contrast of myasthenic and cholinergic crises, along with their causes and differential diagnoses, are covered.
  • The etiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, collaborative care, and nursing management of Guillian-Barre syndrome are explained.
  • The primary causes and clinical manifestations of seizure disorders are detailed, along with collaborative care and nursing management for patients with seizure disorders.

Multiple Sclerosis

  • Autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS).
  • Chronic, progressive, degenerative disease.
  • Development of plaques in the white matter of the CNS.
  • Demyelination of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
  • Most common CNS disease of young adults (typically ages 30-35).
  • More common in women.
  • Approximately 400,000 people in the U.S. have MS.
  • Life expectancy from diagnosis is 25 years.
  • Etiology currently unknown.
  • Susceptibility linked to inherited factors.

Parkinson's Disease

  • Chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disease.
  • Most common movement disorder, especially in adults over 65 years old.
  • Second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Expected 1 million diagnoses in the U.S.
  • More prevalent among men.
  • Average onset ages between 40-70.
  • Etiology primarily unknown, with both genetic and environmental factors implicated.
  • Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons is associated with the disease
  • Clinical manifestations include tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement (akinesia/bradykinesia), occurring initially at rest.

Guillian-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

  • Autoimmune disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system.
  • Characterized by symmetrical weakness or paralysis that usually begins in the legs and progresses to the trunk and arms.
  • Onset typically occurs 1-3 weeks after a relatively benign illness.
  • Most cases experience spontaneous recovery within 28 days.
  • Diagnostics include medical history, clinical manifestations, neurological testing (CSF analysis, EMG, and nerve conduction studies).
  • Treatment involves supportive care, including respiratory support, close monitoring, and immunomodulatory therapies, like plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).

Myasthenia Gravis

  • An autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction.
  • Characterized by fluctuating weakness of skeletal muscles.
  • Occurs in either gender and persons of any ethnicity.
  • 60,000 U.S. residents have been diagnosed with MG.
  • Onset is more common after age 40 (women) and 60 (men).
  • Etiology is unknown; antibodies can attack acetylcholine receptors.
  • Clinical manifestations include fluctuating weakness, difficulty speaking, swallowing, and breathing, and other symptoms that vary depending on the severity of the disease.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Chronic Neurological Problems Outline PDF

Description

This quiz assesses knowledge on nursing interventions for managing hypertension and cognitive decline in older adults. It covers the AHA guidelines, age-related changes in blood pressure, and essential nursing assessments. Test your expertise on critical considerations and indicators relevant to these health issues.

More Like This

Concurso
25 questions

Concurso

EnergySavingDalmatianJasper avatar
EnergySavingDalmatianJasper
Hypertension and CHD Nursing Overview
39 questions

Hypertension and CHD Nursing Overview

FestiveEpic2243 avatar
FestiveEpic2243
Hypertension and Medication Management Quiz
59 questions

Hypertension and Medication Management Quiz

MajesticComputerArt5597 avatar
MajesticComputerArt5597
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser