Nursing Interventions for Hypertension and Cognition

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Questions and Answers

What is the American Heart Association's (AHA) 'Salty Six' referring to?

Six common stress reduction techniques.

Six food groups that are typically high in sodium. (correct)

Six daily exercise routines that are recommended for heart health.

Six specific types of medications used to treat hypertension.

Which of the following is NOT a recommended nursing intervention for managing hypertension?

Smoking cessation support.

Medication adherence encouragement.

Encouraging a sedentary lifestyle. (correct)

Dietary counseling.

Which age-related change impacts blood pressure and is listed in the text?

Loss of arterial elasticity. (correct)

Decreased systemic vascular resistance.

Increased elasticity of arteries.

Improved drug metabolism.

What specific nursing consideration is mentioned regarding nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in older adults?

They should be used cautiously. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a nursing assessment recommended for hypertension?

Regular BP monitoring. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical initial assessment focus when evaluating a patient with suspected cognitive decline?

Family history of autoimmune disorders. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common early indicator of cognitive decline?

Reduced interest in hobbies and usual activities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assessment components is least likely to be critical in the medication history of a patient with cognitive decline?

Use of over-the-counter vitamins. Signup and view all the answers

What might movement problems suggest during the assessment of cognitive decline?

Parkinson's disease. Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of symptoms is most indicative of normal pressure hydrocephalus??

Urinary incontinence, ataxia, and dementia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the structural brain changes associated with cognitive decline?

Amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuron death. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely duration before clinical manifestations of cognitive decline appear?

Pathologic brain changes occur at least 15 years before symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature typically observed in the mild stage of cognitive decline?

Forgetfulness beyond what's seen in a normal person. Signup and view all the answers

What does Stroke Volume (SV) primarily measure?

The volume of blood expelled with each left ventricular contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction (LVEF) indicate?

The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)?

To oppose blood movement within blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Blood Pressure (BP), Cardiac Output (CO), and Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)?

BP is calculated by multiplying CO and SVR. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinguishing factor between primary and secondary hypertension?

Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension has a specific underlying cause. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT identified as a contributing factor to primary hypertension?

Renal disease. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of secondary hypertension?

Sleep apnea. Signup and view all the answers

If a patient suddenly presents with high blood pressure, which type of hypertension should be suspected?

Secondary hypertension. Signup and view all the answers

What age group is associated with a 90% risk of hypertension?

Age greater than 55 Signup and view all the answers

Which blood pressure pattern is more likely in older adults?

Lower BP at home and higher in clinical settings. Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class presents a risk for hyperkalemia when used with ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or aldosterone antagonists?

NSAIDs Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is essential for all patients on hypertension medication?

Assessing for symptoms of orthostatic hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended timing of diuretic administration to prevent nighttime urination?

In the morning Signup and view all the answers

For a patient taking beta-blockers, what specific assessment is important related to respiratory problems?

Assessing the use of nonselective beta blockers. Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is important to monitor in patients taking vasodilators?

Increased blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What specific side effects should you monitor for patients taking ACE inhibitors or ARBs?

First-dose hypotension, cough, hyperkalemia, and angioedema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of multiple sclerosis?

Electric shock sensations down the spine with neck flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic finding is most indicative of multiple sclerosis?

Increased IgG and oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal in the plan of care for a client with multiple sclerosis?

Maximizing neuromuscular function Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is most appropriate for a client with MS experiencing diplopia?

Applying an eye patch Signup and view all the answers

A client with MS is having difficulty with bowel and bladder elimination. Which intervention would be appropriate?

Administering anticholinergics and increasing fiber intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

Increasing dopamine levels that the brain can use Signup and view all the answers

Which physical manifestation is a hallmark of Parkinson’s Disease?

A progressive loss of involuntary movement with stooped posture Signup and view all the answers

Which factor requires extra caution when administering dopamine receptor agonists?

Possibility of drowsiness and sleep attacks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with Parkinson's disease?

Progressive and significant weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of myasthenia gravis?

Autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors Signup and view all the answers

A key feature of myasthenia gravis is:

Muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological process directly affected by profound coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Cardiac output and tissue perfusion Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is commonly observed in a client with myasthenia gravis?

Ptosis , difficulty in swallowing, and double vision Signup and view all the answers

In the context of managing hypertension, what is the primary focus of lifestyle modifications?

Controlling modifiable risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic test is used to evaluate myasthenia gravis?

Electromyography (EMG) to measure muscle response Signup and view all the answers

A patient with myasthenia gravis is experiencing a myasthenic crisis. Which of the following is a potential trigger?

Starting corticosteroid therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Chronic stable angina Signup and view all the answers

Which of these medical interventions is used to test for Myasthenia Gravis?

Anti-acetylcholinesterase test Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cardiac output (CO) in relation to perfusion?

CO directly determines the amount of blood distributed to tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic category places a patient at the greatest risk of severe perfusion issues according to the provided information?

Individuals with profound coronary artery disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the general approach for the collaborative care of hypertension as it is implied in the provided text?

A combination of drug therapy and lifestyle modifications Signup and view all the answers

What should patients with hypertension be educated about as part of their ongoing care?

How to monitor and manage their blood pressure, as well as medication info Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of nursing management is key in facilitating adherence to hypertension care plans?

Educating and engaging the patient in their treatment regimen Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chronic Neurological Problems

Objectives of the study include differentiating the etiology, diagnostic tests, clinical manifestations, collaborative care, and nursing management of multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, myasthenia gravis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
The potential impact of chronic neurological disease on physical and psychological well-being is also discussed.
Comparison and contrast of myasthenic and cholinergic crises, along with their causes and differential diagnoses, are covered.
The etiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, collaborative care, and nursing management of Guillian-Barre syndrome are explained.
The primary causes and clinical manifestations of seizure disorders are detailed, along with collaborative care and nursing management for patients with seizure disorders.

Multiple Sclerosis

Autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS).
Chronic, progressive, degenerative disease.
Development of plaques in the white matter of the CNS.
Demyelination of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
Most common CNS disease of young adults (typically ages 30-35).
More common in women.
Approximately 400,000 people in the U.S. have MS.
Life expectancy from diagnosis is 25 years.
Etiology currently unknown.
Susceptibility linked to inherited factors.

Parkinson's Disease

Chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disease.
Most common movement disorder, especially in adults over 65 years old.
Second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Expected 1 million diagnoses in the U.S.
More prevalent among men.
Average onset ages between 40-70.
Etiology primarily unknown, with both genetic and environmental factors implicated.
Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons is associated with the disease
Clinical manifestations include tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement (akinesia/bradykinesia), occurring initially at rest.

Guillian-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

Autoimmune disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system.
Characterized by symmetrical weakness or paralysis that usually begins in the legs and progresses to the trunk and arms.
Onset typically occurs 1-3 weeks after a relatively benign illness.
Most cases experience spontaneous recovery within 28 days.
Diagnostics include medical history, clinical manifestations, neurological testing (CSF analysis, EMG, and nerve conduction studies).
Treatment involves supportive care, including respiratory support, close monitoring, and immunomodulatory therapies, like plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).

Myasthenia Gravis

An autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction.
Characterized by fluctuating weakness of skeletal muscles.
Occurs in either gender and persons of any ethnicity.
60,000 U.S. residents have been diagnosed with MG.
Onset is more common after age 40 (women) and 60 (men).
Etiology is unknown; antibodies can attack acetylcholine receptors.
Clinical manifestations include fluctuating weakness, difficulty speaking, swallowing, and breathing, and other symptoms that vary depending on the severity of the disease.

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Description

This quiz assesses knowledge on nursing interventions for managing hypertension and cognitive decline in older adults. It covers the AHA guidelines, age-related changes in blood pressure, and essential nursing assessments. Test your expertise on critical considerations and indicators relevant to these health issues.