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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of community health nursing?
Which of the following is NOT a level of clientele in community health nursing?
What is the purpose of placing a pillow under the head and shoulders during post mortem care?
In which subspecialty of community nursing might a nurse primarily focus on addressing mental health issues?
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Which of the following correctly describes rigor mortis?
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During post mortem care, which item must be attached to the deceased before transport to the morgue?
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Which type of nursing primarily focuses on the health of individuals and families in different community settings?
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What does livor mortis indicate in the postmortem process?
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What is the primary purpose of a Level I water supply facility?
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Which characteristic distinguishes a Level II water supply facility from Level I?
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What is the maximum distance a Level I water supply facility can reach to serve its farthest user?
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What kind of water supply facilities require disinfection when newly constructed or repaired?
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Which of the following is considered an unapproved type of water facility?
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What is the primary goal of the blood donation system outlined in the content?
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Which of the following is a requirement for donating blood?
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What is the appropriate action to take after blood donation?
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Which of the following conditions is considered a contraindication for blood donation?
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To be classified as suitable for blood donation, which systolic blood pressure range is acceptable?
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What is the minimum weight required for a 450 ml blood donation?
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How long can plasma be stored when frozen after blood donation?
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What is the vision for the blood donation system mentioned in the content?
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What is the primary purpose of administering a retention enema?
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Which condition is best treated with hypertonic solutions?
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Which fluid has an osmolality above 375 mEq/L and draws fluid from cells into the extracellular space?
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What is a common use for colloids in medical treatment?
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Which of the following solutions is classified as isotonic?
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What is the primary effect of hypotonic solutions on cells?
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How is the flow rate of intravenous fluid calculated?
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What is the effect of administering fluid solutions with an osmolality lower than 250 mEq/L?
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Which isotonic fluid is primarily used to prevent dehydration and maintain water balance?
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What is the potential complication of administering isotonic fluids improperly?
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Which rate measures the risk of dying from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium?
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What is the primary purpose of vital statistics in public health?
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Which of the following best describes the difference between incidence rate and prevalence rate?
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Which component of the Field Health Services and Information System (FHSIS) is considered the fundamental building block?
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What does the Attack Rate primarily measure in epidemiological studies?
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Which source of data is least likely to contribute to vital statistics?
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What does the Case Fatality Ratio indicate in epidemiology?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Crude Birth Rate?
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The Fetal Death Rate is used to measure what aspect of public health?
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Which of the following statements best describes a rate in epidemiological terms?
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Study Notes
Retention Enema
- Uses oil-based solutions to soften stool and aid in passing feces.
- Oil is administered into the rectum and sigmoid colon.
- Retained for 1 to 3 hours.
Return Flow/Colonic Irrigation
- Aims to expel flatus.
- Uses an inflow and outflow process repeated 5 to 6 times.
- Solution container is lowered so fluid flows back out through the rectal tube.
Intravenous Therapy Purposes
- Replaces fluids and electrolytes.
- Provides vascular access for immediate or rapid delivery of substances or medications, especially in emergencies.
Isotonic Solutions
- Have an osmolality similar to blood (about 310 mEq/L of electrolytes).
- Examples:
- 0.9% saline (NS)
- 5% dextrose in water (D5W)
- 5% dextrose in 0.255% saline (5% D ¼ NS)
- Lactated Ringers solution (LR)
Hypotonic Solutions
- Have an electrolyte content below 250 mEq/L.
- Lower osmolality than the body, causing movement of solutes into the cells by osmosis.
- Used to prevent cellular edema.
- Examples:
- 0.45 Saline (½ NS)
- 0.25% Saline (¼ NS)
- 0.33 % Saline (1/3 NS)
Hypertonic Solutions
- Have an electrolyte content above 375 mEq/L.
- Higher osmolality than the body.
- Movement is from the cell to the extracellular compartment.
- Examples:
- 3% Saline ( 3% NS)
- 5% Saline ( 5% NS)
- 10% Dextrose in water ( D10 W)
- 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline ( 5% D/NS)
- 5% Dextrose in 0.45% saline ( 5% D/1/2 Solution
Crystalloids
- Used for fluid volume replacement.
- Mainly contain electrolytes.
Colloids
- Also known as plasma expanders.
- Used in cases like severe hemorrhage and hypovolemia.
- Examples:
- Dextran
- Albumin
Flow Rate
- Calculated by dividing the amount of fluid by the drop factor on the tubing box and the running time in total minutes.
Therapeutic Communication
- Encourage family to express feelings.
Post Mortem Care
- Follow hospital policy.
- Remove all equipment, tubes, and supplies.
- Place a pillow under the head and shoulders to prevent facial discoloration.
- A complete bath is not necessary (mortician will bathe the body).
- Attach an identification band before transferring body to the morgue.
- Wrap the body in a shroud.
Rigor Mortis
- Stiffening of the body, starting in involuntary muscles like the heart.
- Position the body naturally.
- Place dentures (if applicable).
- Close the eyes and mouth.
Algor Mortis
- Gradual decrease in body temperature.
Livor Mortis
- Discoloration of the body.
Community Health Nursing
- Focuses on the community as a whole.
- Provides nursing care to individuals, families, and groups within the context of promoting and preserving community health.
- According to Ruth B. Freeman, it refers to a service rendered by a professional nurse with communities, groups, families, and individuals.
- Four levels of clientele:
- Individuals
- Families
- Populations
- Communities
Community Health Nursing Subspecialties
- School Nursing
- Occupational Health Nursing
- Community Mental Health Nursing
- Public Health Nursing
Community-Based Nursing
- Philosophy of care where services are provided outside of hospitals as clients and their families navigate various services.
Evaluation Epidemiology
- Aims to measure the effectiveness of different health services and programs.
Vital Statistics
- Systematic study of vital events such as births, illnesses, marriages, divorces, separations, and deaths.
- Morbidity (disease) and Mortality (death) indicate the state of health of a community and the success or failure of health work.
- Uses of vital statistics:
- Indices of the health and illness status of a community.
- Bases for planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating CHN programs and services.
Sources of Vital Statistics Data
- Population census
- Registration of Vital Data
- Health Surveys
- Studies and Researches
Rates vs. Ratios
- Rate: Relationship between a vital event and those exposed to it in a given area during a specific time period.
- Ratio: Describes the relationship between two quantities or measures of events without taking into account time or place.
Infant Mortality Rate
- Good index of the general health condition of a community.
Crude Birth Rate
- Measures one characteristic of the natural growth or increase of a population.
Crude Death Rate
- Measures mortality from all causes, potentially leading to a decrease in population.
Maternal Mortality Rate
- Measures the risk of dying from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium.
- Index of obstetrical care needed and received by women in a community.
Fetal Death Rate
- Measures pregnancy wastage.
- Death of the product of conception before complete expulsion, regardless of the duration of pregnancy.
Neonatal Death Rate
- Measures the risk of dying within the first month of life.
Attack Rate
- More accurate measure of the risk of exposure.
Case Fatality Ratio
- Index of the killing power of a disease, influenced by incomplete reporting and poor morbidity data.
Incidence Rate
- Measures the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon during a given time period.
- Focuses on new cases.
Prevalence Rate
- Measures the proportion of a population exhibiting a particular disease at a specific time.
- Includes new and old cases.
Field Health Services and Information System (FHSIS)
- Objectives:
- Provide summary data on health services delivery.
- Provide data for program monitoring and evaluation purposes.
- Create a standardized facility-level database accessible for in-depth studies.
- Ensure data accuracy and usefulness.
- Minimize recording and reporting burdens at the service delivery level.
FHSIS Components
- Family Treatment Record: Fundamental building block.
- Target Client List: Second building block.
- Reporting Forms: Mechanism for routine data transmission between facilities.
- Output Reports: Designed to be useful for monitoring and management purposes.
Public Health Programs: Maternal Health Program
-
Approved Types of Water Supply Facilities:
- Level 1: Point Source
- Level 2: Communal Faucet System or Stand-Posts
- Level 3: Waterworks System or Individual House Connections
-
Unapproved Types of Water Facilities:
- Open dug wells
- Unimproved springs
- Wells that need priming
-
Access to safe and potable drinking water.
-
Water quality and monitoring surveillance:
- Disinfection required for newly constructed facilities and those that have been repaired/improved.
Blood Donation Program
- Goal: Provide adequate, safe, and equitable distribution of blood and blood products.
- Mobilize community sectors to participate in voluntary and non-profit blood collection.
Blood Donation Program Vision
- Network of modernized national and regional blood centers operating on a fully voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation system.
Blood Donation Program Mission
- Ensure adequate, safe, and accessible blood supply through promoting voluntary blood donation, establishing new blood service facilities, and organizing associations of blood donors.
Requirements for Blood Donation
- Weigh more than 45 kg (100 lbs) for 250 ml donation and 50 kg (110 lbs) for 450 ml donation.
- Be in good health.
- Be aged 16-65 years (parental consent required for ages 16 and 17).
- Systolic BP = 90-160 mm Hg.
- Diastolic BP = 60-100 mm Hg.
- Hemoglobin at least 12.5 g/dL.
Contraindications for Blood Donation
- Diabetes
- Cancer
- Hyperthyroidism
- Cardiovascular disease
- Severe psychiatric disorder
- Epilepsy/convulsions
- Severe bronchitis
- AIDS/Syphilis and other STIs (past and present)
- Malaria
- Kidney and Liver disease
- Prolonged bleeding
- Use of prohibited drugs.
Blood Products Extracted for Donation
- Whole blood and red cell concentrates (shelf-life up to 5 weeks).
- Plasma (can be stored frozen for 12 months).
Considerations after Blood Donation
- Leave the adhesive dressing on for at least 3 hours but not more than 12 hours.
- Bruising or discoloration may occur and will disappear in a few days.
- Avoid carrying heavy objects with the donating arm.
- Do not smoke for the next 2 hours.
- Avoid alcohol intake for the next 12 hours.
- Eat regular meals and increase fluid intake following the donation.
Botika ng Barangay
- Goal: Promote equity in health by ensuring the availability and accessibility of affordable, safe, effective, and quality essential drugs for all, with priority for marginalized, underserved, critical, and hard-to-reach areas.
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Description
Explore key concepts related to retention enemas, colonic irrigation, and the use of intravenous therapy. This quiz covers the different types of solutions used and their specific purposes in patient care. Test your knowledge on fluid management techniques and therapeutic interventions in nursing.
