Nursing Fundamentals: Fluid Therapy and Enemas

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of community health nursing?

Creating health policies for the government

Providing individual care in hospitals

Administering medication to patients

Promoting and preserving community health (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a level of clientele in community health nursing?

Individual

Family

Population

Organization (correct)

What is the purpose of placing a pillow under the head and shoulders during post mortem care?

To facilitate easier transport to the morgue

To prevent discoloration of the face (correct)

To prepare the body for burial

To ensure proper identification of the body

In which subspecialty of community nursing might a nurse primarily focus on addressing mental health issues?

Community Mental Health Nursing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes rigor mortis?

It is characterized by the stiffening of involuntary muscles. Signup and view all the answers

During post mortem care, which item must be attached to the deceased before transport to the morgue?

The identification band Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nursing primarily focuses on the health of individuals and families in different community settings?

Community-Based Nursing Signup and view all the answers

What does livor mortis indicate in the postmortem process?

The pooling of blood in tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Level I water supply facility?

To provide a protected source for 15 to 25 households Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes a Level II water supply facility from Level I?

It requires a reservoir and a piped distribution network Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum distance a Level I water supply facility can reach to serve its farthest user?

250 meters Signup and view all the answers

What kind of water supply facilities require disinfection when newly constructed or repaired?

All types of water supply facilities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an unapproved type of water facility?

Wells that need priming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the blood donation system outlined in the content?

To ensure a modernized national and regional blood supply system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement for donating blood?

Must have a hemoglobin level of at least 12.5g/dL Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate action to take after blood donation?

Leave the adhesive dressing on for at least 3 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is considered a contraindication for blood donation?

Severe psychiatric disorder Signup and view all the answers

To be classified as suitable for blood donation, which systolic blood pressure range is acceptable?

90-160 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum weight required for a 450 ml blood donation?

50 kg (110 lbs) Signup and view all the answers

How long can plasma be stored when frozen after blood donation?

12 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the vision for the blood donation system mentioned in the content?

To develop a network of fully voluntary blood donation centers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering a retention enema?

To act as a stool softener and facilitate the passage of feces Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is best treated with hypertonic solutions?

Hemorrhage and hypovolemia Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid has an osmolality above 375 mEq/L and draws fluid from cells into the extracellular space?

Hypertonic fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for colloids in medical treatment?

To act as plasma expanders in severe hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions is classified as isotonic?

Lactated Ringer's solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hypotonic solutions on cells?

They cause cells to take in water, potentially preventing edema. Signup and view all the answers

How is the flow rate of intravenous fluid calculated?

Amount of fluid divided by drop factor multiplied by running time in minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of administering fluid solutions with an osmolality lower than 250 mEq/L?

They facilitate osmosis, leading to potential cellular edema. Signup and view all the answers

Which isotonic fluid is primarily used to prevent dehydration and maintain water balance?

5% dextrose in water (D5W) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential complication of administering isotonic fluids improperly?

Fluid overload leading to pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

Which rate measures the risk of dying from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium?

Maternal Mortality Rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of vital statistics in public health?

To systematically study vital events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between incidence rate and prevalence rate?

Incidence rate refers to the frequency of new cases during a specific time. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Field Health Services and Information System (FHSIS) is considered the fundamental building block?

Family Treatment Record Signup and view all the answers

What does the Attack Rate primarily measure in epidemiological studies?

The exposure risk to a specific disease Signup and view all the answers

Which source of data is least likely to contribute to vital statistics?

Economic reports Signup and view all the answers

What does the Case Fatality Ratio indicate in epidemiology?

The risk of dying from a particular disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Crude Birth Rate?

Reflects natural population growth Signup and view all the answers

The Fetal Death Rate is used to measure what aspect of public health?

Pregnancy wastage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes a rate in epidemiological terms?

It describes occurrences in a given area over a specific time. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Retention Enema

Uses oil-based solutions to soften stool and aid in passing feces.
Oil is administered into the rectum and sigmoid colon.
Retained for 1 to 3 hours.

Return Flow/Colonic Irrigation

Aims to expel flatus.
Uses an inflow and outflow process repeated 5 to 6 times.
Solution container is lowered so fluid flows back out through the rectal tube.

Intravenous Therapy Purposes

Replaces fluids and electrolytes.
Provides vascular access for immediate or rapid delivery of substances or medications, especially in emergencies.

Isotonic Solutions

Have an osmolality similar to blood (about 310 mEq/L of electrolytes).
Examples:
- 0.9% saline (NS)
- 5% dextrose in water (D5W)
- 5% dextrose in 0.255% saline (5% D ¼ NS)
- Lactated Ringers solution (LR)

Hypotonic Solutions

Have an electrolyte content below 250 mEq/L.
Lower osmolality than the body, causing movement of solutes into the cells by osmosis.
Used to prevent cellular edema.
Examples:
- 0.45 Saline (½ NS)
- 0.25% Saline (¼ NS)
- 0.33 % Saline (1/3 NS)

Hypertonic Solutions

Have an electrolyte content above 375 mEq/L.
Higher osmolality than the body.
Movement is from the cell to the extracellular compartment.
Examples:
- 3% Saline ( 3% NS)
- 5% Saline ( 5% NS)
- 10% Dextrose in water ( D10 W)
- 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline ( 5% D/NS)
- 5% Dextrose in 0.45% saline ( 5% D/1/2 Solution

Crystalloids

Used for fluid volume replacement.
Mainly contain electrolytes.

Colloids

Also known as plasma expanders.
Used in cases like severe hemorrhage and hypovolemia.
Examples:
- Dextran
- Albumin

Flow Rate

Calculated by dividing the amount of fluid by the drop factor on the tubing box and the running time in total minutes.

Therapeutic Communication

Encourage family to express feelings.

Post Mortem Care

Follow hospital policy.
Remove all equipment, tubes, and supplies.
Place a pillow under the head and shoulders to prevent facial discoloration.
A complete bath is not necessary (mortician will bathe the body).
Attach an identification band before transferring body to the morgue.
Wrap the body in a shroud.

Rigor Mortis

Stiffening of the body, starting in involuntary muscles like the heart.
Position the body naturally.
Place dentures (if applicable).
Close the eyes and mouth.

Algor Mortis

Gradual decrease in body temperature.

Livor Mortis

Discoloration of the body.

Community Health Nursing

Focuses on the community as a whole.
Provides nursing care to individuals, families, and groups within the context of promoting and preserving community health.
According to Ruth B. Freeman, it refers to a service rendered by a professional nurse with communities, groups, families, and individuals.
Four levels of clientele:
- Individuals
- Families
- Populations
- Communities

Community Health Nursing Subspecialties

School Nursing
Occupational Health Nursing
Community Mental Health Nursing
Public Health Nursing

Community-Based Nursing

Philosophy of care where services are provided outside of hospitals as clients and their families navigate various services.

Evaluation Epidemiology

Aims to measure the effectiveness of different health services and programs.

Vital Statistics

Systematic study of vital events such as births, illnesses, marriages, divorces, separations, and deaths.
Morbidity (disease) and Mortality (death) indicate the state of health of a community and the success or failure of health work.
Uses of vital statistics:
- Indices of the health and illness status of a community.
- Bases for planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating CHN programs and services.

Sources of Vital Statistics Data

Population census
Registration of Vital Data
Health Surveys
Studies and Researches

Rates vs. Ratios

Rate: Relationship between a vital event and those exposed to it in a given area during a specific time period.
Ratio: Describes the relationship between two quantities or measures of events without taking into account time or place.

Infant Mortality Rate

Good index of the general health condition of a community.

Crude Birth Rate

Measures one characteristic of the natural growth or increase of a population.

Crude Death Rate

Measures mortality from all causes, potentially leading to a decrease in population.

Maternal Mortality Rate

Measures the risk of dying from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium.
Index of obstetrical care needed and received by women in a community.

Fetal Death Rate

Measures pregnancy wastage.
Death of the product of conception before complete expulsion, regardless of the duration of pregnancy.

Neonatal Death Rate

Measures the risk of dying within the first month of life.

Attack Rate

More accurate measure of the risk of exposure.

Case Fatality Ratio

Index of the killing power of a disease, influenced by incomplete reporting and poor morbidity data.

Incidence Rate

Measures the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon during a given time period.
Focuses on new cases.

Prevalence Rate

Measures the proportion of a population exhibiting a particular disease at a specific time.
Includes new and old cases.

Field Health Services and Information System (FHSIS)

Objectives:
- Provide summary data on health services delivery.
- Provide data for program monitoring and evaluation purposes.
- Create a standardized facility-level database accessible for in-depth studies.
- Ensure data accuracy and usefulness.
- Minimize recording and reporting burdens at the service delivery level.

FHSIS Components

Family Treatment Record: Fundamental building block.
Target Client List: Second building block.
Reporting Forms: Mechanism for routine data transmission between facilities.
Output Reports: Designed to be useful for monitoring and management purposes.

Public Health Programs: Maternal Health Program

Approved Types of Water Supply Facilities:
- Level 1: Point Source
- Level 2: Communal Faucet System or Stand-Posts
- Level 3: Waterworks System or Individual House Connections
Unapproved Types of Water Facilities:
- Open dug wells
- Unimproved springs
- Wells that need priming
Access to safe and potable drinking water.
Water quality and monitoring surveillance:
- Disinfection required for newly constructed facilities and those that have been repaired/improved.

Blood Donation Program

Goal: Provide adequate, safe, and equitable distribution of blood and blood products.
Mobilize community sectors to participate in voluntary and non-profit blood collection.

Blood Donation Program Vision

Network of modernized national and regional blood centers operating on a fully voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation system.

Blood Donation Program Mission

Ensure adequate, safe, and accessible blood supply through promoting voluntary blood donation, establishing new blood service facilities, and organizing associations of blood donors.

Requirements for Blood Donation

Weigh more than 45 kg (100 lbs) for 250 ml donation and 50 kg (110 lbs) for 450 ml donation.
Be in good health.
Be aged 16-65 years (parental consent required for ages 16 and 17).
Systolic BP = 90-160 mm Hg.
Diastolic BP = 60-100 mm Hg.
Hemoglobin at least 12.5 g/dL.

Contraindications for Blood Donation

Diabetes
Cancer
Hyperthyroidism
Cardiovascular disease
Severe psychiatric disorder
Epilepsy/convulsions
Severe bronchitis
AIDS/Syphilis and other STIs (past and present)
Malaria
Kidney and Liver disease
Prolonged bleeding
Use of prohibited drugs.

Blood Products Extracted for Donation

Whole blood and red cell concentrates (shelf-life up to 5 weeks).
Plasma (can be stored frozen for 12 months).

Considerations after Blood Donation

Leave the adhesive dressing on for at least 3 hours but not more than 12 hours.
Bruising or discoloration may occur and will disappear in a few days.
Avoid carrying heavy objects with the donating arm.
Do not smoke for the next 2 hours.
Avoid alcohol intake for the next 12 hours.
Eat regular meals and increase fluid intake following the donation.

Botika ng Barangay

Goal: Promote equity in health by ensuring the availability and accessibility of affordable, safe, effective, and quality essential drugs for all, with priority for marginalized, underserved, critical, and hard-to-reach areas.

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Description

Explore key concepts related to retention enemas, colonic irrigation, and the use of intravenous therapy. This quiz covers the different types of solutions used and their specific purposes in patient care. Test your knowledge on fluid management techniques and therapeutic interventions in nursing.