COPY: NIH Final Exam Review

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What is a key characteristic common to all types of shock?

Increased heart rate

Increased blood pressure

Decreased blood pressure (correct)

Increased blood volume

Which type of shock is primarily caused by a significant decrease in circulating blood volume?

Cardiogenic shock

Hypovolemic shock (correct)

Distributive shock

Obstructive shock

What primarily causes cardiogenic shock?

Cardiac muscle failure (correct)

Infection leading to systemic inflammation

Excessive dilation of blood vessels

Blockage of blood flow outside the heart

What complication can arise from shock if the brain experiences anoxic conditions for over 4 minutes?

Brain death (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is most indicative of septic shock?

Persistent fever and flushed skin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of shock is characterized by excessive dilation of venules and arterioles?

Distributive shock (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a potential cause of neurogenic shock?

Spinal cord injury (A) Signup and view all the answers

What vital sign change is typically associated with shock conditions?

Elevated respiratory rate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of hypovolemic shock?

Decreased circulating blood volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment should be prioritized for a patient with septic shock?

Obtain blood cultures before starting antibiotics (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about anaphylactic shock management?

Healthcare providers should wait to see if symptoms resolve. (A), Symptoms can be treated with antihistamines alone. (C), Patients don’t need to carry an autoinjector after one episode. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most indicative of septic shock?

Hypotension despite fluid resuscitation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a common cause of neurogenic shock?

Spinal cord injury (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions should a nurse take for a patient experiencing shock?

Monitor blood pressure regularly (B), Maintain airway and oxygenation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fluids in treating hypovolemic shock?

To expand intravascular volume (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about managing cardiogenic shock is inaccurate?

Monitoring patient response is unnecessary. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is characterized by cardiac failure where the heart fails to adequately pump blood to the body?

Cardiogenic Shock (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of acute pulmonary hypertension that can lead to shock?

Increased pulmonary artery pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is specifically associated with anaphylactic shock?

Laryngeal edema (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the early phase of septic shock, which of the following symptoms is typically observed?

Warm/flushed skin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be a cause of neurogenic shock?

Brain contusions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signs is NOT typically associated with hypovolemic shock?

Bradycardia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action to take when managing anaphylactic shock?

Maintain airway patency (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of obstructive shock?

Blocked blood flow outside the heart (B) Signup and view all the answers

Septic shock is commonly associated with which of the following?

Systemic infection and inflammation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is indicative of the late stage of neurogenic shock?

Tachycardia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes anaphylactic shock?

Extreme hypersensitivity reaction (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is common in both hypovolemic and septic shock?

Altered mental status (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the later phase of septic shock symptoms?

Cold clammy skin and decreased BP (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main vascular change observed in distributive shock?

Excessive vasodilation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most appropriate action for a nurse to take for a patient with septic shock?

Obtain blood cultures before starting antibiotics (C) Signup and view all the answers

What critical intervention should a nurse implement for a patient experiencing shock?

Maintain airway and ensure oxygenation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the causes of cardiogenic shock is correct?

It is primarily caused by myocardial infarction (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with hypovolemic shock?

Weak pulses (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key intervention to manage a patient diagnosed with allergic reactions?

Elevate the head of the bed while sleeping (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct nursing action for a patient with newly diagnosed cardiogenic shock?

Monitor IV fluid orders closely (A) Signup and view all the answers

For a patient with hypotensive shock, which action is indicated?

Relieve pain effectively (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions is unnecessary for a patient in shock?

Encourage walking exercises (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected initial treatment for a patient in septic shock?

Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics quickly (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may lead to obstructive shock due to blocked blood flow outside the heart?

Tension pneumothorax (C) Signup and view all the answers

In septic shock, what is a sign often observed during the early phase?

Warm/flushed skin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first priority when managing anaphylactic shock?

Maintain airway patency (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is specifically associated with cardiogenic shock but not with hypovolemic shock?

Pulmonary edema (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be a potential cause of neurogenic shock?

Brain contusion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are common early signs of septic shock?

Elevated white blood cells and fever (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom can occur in anaphylactic shock indicating an airway obstruction?

Laryngeal edema (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of shock is pallor and cool clammy skin particularly noted?

Hypovolemic shock (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock results from extreme hypersensitivity reaction?

Anaphylactic shock (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of significant fluid loss leading to hypovolemic shock?

Decreased blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the compensatory mechanisms in shock fail?

Organ damage and death occur (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common metabolic change observed in shock?

Tachycardia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is characterized by a blockage of blood flow outside the heart?

Obstructive shock (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of shock that may affect the lungs?

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common to all forms of shock?

Decreased blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of distributive shock?

Excessive dilation of venules and arterioles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is NOT typically observed in shock?

Increased urine output (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system during shock?

Promotion of tachycardia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect on organ systems when tissue perfusion is inadequate?

Ischemia and potential organ injury (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for maintaining tissue perfusion and blood pressure?

Adequate blood volume (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes malignant neoplasms from benign neoplasms?

Malignant neoplasms invade local tissues uncontrollably. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method by which malignant cells spread throughout the body?

Metastasis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes contributes to the development of cancer after DNA alteration?

Promotion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for cancer development?

Frequent physical exercise (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer is primarily associated with lymph tissue?

Lymphoma (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer prevention method focuses on recognizing early signs of cancer?

Early detection (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a carcinogen?

Sunlight exposure (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes 'in situ' cancer?

It remains localized and is hard to detect. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of regular screenings such as mammograms and pap smears?

To identify precursors or early stages of cancer (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary recommendation is made to promote cancer prevention?

Consume 2 ½ cups of fruits and vegetables each day (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of test is considered the only accurate way to identify cancer?

Biopsy (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PET scans in cancer diagnosis?

To detect abnormal cell growth and assess spread of cancer (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does nuclear imaging assist in cancer diagnosis?

It detects sites of abnormal cell growth (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Tis indicate in cancer staging?

Carcinoma in situ with no spread (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common diagnostic test for cancer detection?

Physical examination without imaging techniques (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is commonly associated with radiation treatment?

Xerostomia (dry mouth) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle change can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer?

Smoking cessation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of monitoring tumor markers in lab tests?

They help confirm a diagnosis and monitor treatment effects (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the 'NX' designation in cancer staging?

Regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a well differentiated tumor?

Resembles normal tissue (B) Signup and view all the answers

During chemotherapy, what is the significant risk associated with vesicant drugs?

Necrosis if infiltration occurs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of poorly differentiated tumors?

They contain mostly abnormal cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of combinations in chemotherapy?

Timing is crucial for drugs to obtain desired effects (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in reticulocytes indicate?

Increased levels of immature RBCs due to hypoxia or anemia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cells is primarily increased during viral infections?

Lymphocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

When is it likely that eosinophils would be decreased?

During bacterial infections (B) Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with an increased level of basophils?

Hyperthyroidism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hemoglobin levels in cases of anemia or blood loss?

They decrease (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates a response to bacterial infections?

Increased neutrophils (A) Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result in decreased levels of reticulocytes?

RBC maturation defects (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cells is increased in allergic responses?

Eosinophils (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential cause of secondary polycythemia?

Long-term hypoxia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

Joint pain (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with an acquired bleeding disorder?

Von Willebrand disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to reduce the risk of decreased tissue perfusion?

Strenuous exercise (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for managing polycythemia?

Phlebotomy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is critical for a patient with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?

Monitoring blood platelet levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with acute polycythemia?

Itching due to excess mast cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiological consequence of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

Excessive bleeding due to clotting factor depletion (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary change is recommended to help manage iron deficiency anemia?

Choose foods with high iron content (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of aplastic anemia?

Bone marrow fatty tissue (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of sickle cell anemia?

Gallstones (C) Signup and view all the answers

What intervention is crucial for managing a patient with aplastic anemia?

Minimize exposure to infections (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which test helps in diagnosing sickle cell anemia?

Sickle Dex test (B) Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most likely associated with a crisis in sickle cell anemia?

Severe chest pain (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of untreated aplastic anemia?

Multiple organ failure (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention should be avoided in a patient with aplastic anemia?

Exposure to infections (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest priority action for a nurse managing a patient experiencing anaphylactic shock?

Maintain patient's airway (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is typically observed in the later phase of septic shock?

Cold and clammy skin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common precursor condition that may lead to septic shock?

Corticosteroid therapy (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is typically administered in anaphylactic shock to counteract severe allergic reactions?

Epinephrine (A) Signup and view all the answers

In neurogenic shock, which of the following symptoms might be present?

Bradycardia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is a leading cause of death in critically ill patients due to its severe effects on the body?

Septic shock (D) Signup and view all the answers

Regarding therapeutic measures for shock, which intervention is not commonly performed?

Administer sedatives to calm the patient (C) Signup and view all the answers

What describes the typical skin characteristics observed in a patient experiencing early septic shock?

Warm and flushed skin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended position for a patient using an incentive spirometer?

Sitting upright at 45 degrees (D) Signup and view all the answers

How often should the patient perform deep breathing exercises post-operation?

Every hour while awake (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of coughing and splinting the incision with a pillow post-operatively?

To prevent pneumonia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component of pre-operative patient care regarding consent?

Ensuring no coercion occurs during consent (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse do if a patient expresses extreme anxiety before surgery?

Involve the surgeon to address their fears (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which items should be removed from a patient before surgery as part of the pre-operative checklist?

Denture, contact lenses, and metal items (B) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the nurse's role when witnessing the signing of a consent form?

Ensuring the patient or authorized person understands the consent (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the use of pain medication in relation to coughing post-operatively?

Pain medication should be provided before coughing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the circulating nurse during a surgical procedure?

Maintains a sterile environment and oversees the scrub person (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary complication associated with malignant hyperthermia?

Muscle rigidity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is crucial for airway management in the post-operative phase?

Position the patient on their side or with head turned (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which significant sign indicates the possibility of malignant hyperthermia during surgery?

High fever (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a nurse caring for a patient who has received IV conscious sedation?

Maintain constant monitoring and have emergency equipment available (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should be the immediate action when a patient displays symptoms of malignant hyperthermia?

Stop surgery and discontinue anesthesia (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the duties of the scrub nurse in the intra-operative phase?

Maintains sterile technique and manages surgical instruments (A) Signup and view all the answers

What complication might a patient experience if they have low respiratory function post-surgery?

Hypoventilation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nurses in the context of surgical procedures?

To identify and implement actions that reduce surgical risk factors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when assessing surgical outcomes?

Patient's favorite food (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of preoperative education for surgical patients?

To teach patients about post-op care and special preparations (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which is an essential consideration for a patient with a lung disorder prior to surgery?

To avoid smoking 24 hours before surgery (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key aspect of postoperative care that nurses should focus on?

Monitoring respiratory function and pain control (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pre-admission surgical patient assessment?

To gather health history and risk factors for surgical procedures (C) Signup and view all the answers

What should a patient be instructed to do regarding medication on the day of surgery?

Only take medications specified by the surgical team with a small amount of water (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the perioperative phases that occurs directly before the patient goes to surgery?

Pre-operative phase (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action helps promote circulation in a post-operative patient?

Administer anti-embolus stockings (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assessment for detecting complications following surgery?

Monitoring skin color and temperature (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions can help manage post-operative nausea and vomiting?

Administering antiemetics and providing mouth care (D) Signup and view all the answers

What vital sign changes should a nurse closely monitor in a post-operative patient?

Increased pulse and decreased urinary output (B) Signup and view all the answers

When promoting comfort for a post-operative patient, which nursing action is most effective?

Grouping treatments and using music for distraction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What should be the primary focus during the initial post-operative assessment?

Checking the airway and respiratory status (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is appropriate for a patient at risk of hypovolemic shock?

Monitor strict intake and output of fluids (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical in assessing the neurological function of a post-operative patient?

Level of consciousness and orientation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common problem after surgery regarding urinary function?

Urinary retention (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention can help shorten the duration of paralytic ileus post-surgery?

Early ambulation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes second intention wound healing from first intention?

Delayed closure due to tissue necrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a healthcare provider most likely need to contact a physician regarding urinary output?

If the patient has not voided for 10 hours (B) Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a surgical wound exhibits signs of dehiscence?

Contact the physician (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT typically an interference with wound healing?

Increased fluid intake (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the risks associated with administering Alvimopan for post-operative recovery?

Myocardial infarction (B) Signup and view all the answers

How should a nurse proceed with the removal of sutures from a long incision?

Remove every other suture starting with the second (D) Signup and view all the answers