Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic common to all types of shock?
What is a key characteristic common to all types of shock?
- Increased heart rate
- Increased blood pressure
- Decreased blood pressure (correct)
- Increased blood volume
Which type of shock is primarily caused by a significant decrease in circulating blood volume?
Which type of shock is primarily caused by a significant decrease in circulating blood volume?
- Cardiogenic shock
- Hypovolemic shock (correct)
- Distributive shock
- Obstructive shock
What primarily causes cardiogenic shock?
What primarily causes cardiogenic shock?
- Cardiac muscle failure (correct)
- Infection leading to systemic inflammation
- Excessive dilation of blood vessels
- Blockage of blood flow outside the heart
What complication can arise from shock if the brain experiences anoxic conditions for over 4 minutes?
What complication can arise from shock if the brain experiences anoxic conditions for over 4 minutes?
Which of the following symptoms is most indicative of septic shock?
Which of the following symptoms is most indicative of septic shock?
What type of shock is characterized by excessive dilation of venules and arterioles?
What type of shock is characterized by excessive dilation of venules and arterioles?
Which condition is a potential cause of neurogenic shock?
Which condition is a potential cause of neurogenic shock?
What vital sign change is typically associated with shock conditions?
What vital sign change is typically associated with shock conditions?
What is a primary cause of hypovolemic shock?
What is a primary cause of hypovolemic shock?
Which treatment should be prioritized for a patient with septic shock?
Which treatment should be prioritized for a patient with septic shock?
What is a common misconception about anaphylactic shock management?
What is a common misconception about anaphylactic shock management?
What symptom is most indicative of septic shock?
What symptom is most indicative of septic shock?
Which factor is a common cause of neurogenic shock?
Which factor is a common cause of neurogenic shock?
Which of the following actions should a nurse take for a patient experiencing shock?
Which of the following actions should a nurse take for a patient experiencing shock?
What is the role of fluids in treating hypovolemic shock?
What is the role of fluids in treating hypovolemic shock?
Which statement about managing cardiogenic shock is inaccurate?
Which statement about managing cardiogenic shock is inaccurate?
Which type of shock is characterized by cardiac failure where the heart fails to adequately pump blood to the body?
Which type of shock is characterized by cardiac failure where the heart fails to adequately pump blood to the body?
What is a potential consequence of acute pulmonary hypertension that can lead to shock?
What is a potential consequence of acute pulmonary hypertension that can lead to shock?
Which symptom is specifically associated with anaphylactic shock?
Which symptom is specifically associated with anaphylactic shock?
In the early phase of septic shock, which of the following symptoms is typically observed?
In the early phase of septic shock, which of the following symptoms is typically observed?
Which of the following can be a cause of neurogenic shock?
Which of the following can be a cause of neurogenic shock?
Which of the following signs is NOT typically associated with hypovolemic shock?
Which of the following signs is NOT typically associated with hypovolemic shock?
What is the first action to take when managing anaphylactic shock?
What is the first action to take when managing anaphylactic shock?
What is a key characteristic of obstructive shock?
What is a key characteristic of obstructive shock?
Septic shock is commonly associated with which of the following?
Septic shock is commonly associated with which of the following?
Which symptom is indicative of the late stage of neurogenic shock?
Which symptom is indicative of the late stage of neurogenic shock?
Which of the following best describes anaphylactic shock?
Which of the following best describes anaphylactic shock?
Which of the following symptoms is common in both hypovolemic and septic shock?
Which of the following symptoms is common in both hypovolemic and septic shock?
Which of the following best describes the later phase of septic shock symptoms?
Which of the following best describes the later phase of septic shock symptoms?
What is the main vascular change observed in distributive shock?
What is the main vascular change observed in distributive shock?
Which of the following is the most appropriate action for a nurse to take for a patient with septic shock?
Which of the following is the most appropriate action for a nurse to take for a patient with septic shock?
What critical intervention should a nurse implement for a patient experiencing shock?
What critical intervention should a nurse implement for a patient experiencing shock?
Which statement regarding the causes of cardiogenic shock is correct?
Which statement regarding the causes of cardiogenic shock is correct?
Which symptom is commonly associated with hypovolemic shock?
Which symptom is commonly associated with hypovolemic shock?
What is a key intervention to manage a patient diagnosed with allergic reactions?
What is a key intervention to manage a patient diagnosed with allergic reactions?
What is the correct nursing action for a patient with newly diagnosed cardiogenic shock?
What is the correct nursing action for a patient with newly diagnosed cardiogenic shock?
For a patient with hypotensive shock, which action is indicated?
For a patient with hypotensive shock, which action is indicated?
Which of the following interventions is unnecessary for a patient in shock?
Which of the following interventions is unnecessary for a patient in shock?
What is the expected initial treatment for a patient in septic shock?
What is the expected initial treatment for a patient in septic shock?
Which condition may lead to obstructive shock due to blocked blood flow outside the heart?
Which condition may lead to obstructive shock due to blocked blood flow outside the heart?
In septic shock, what is a sign often observed during the early phase?
In septic shock, what is a sign often observed during the early phase?
What is the first priority when managing anaphylactic shock?
What is the first priority when managing anaphylactic shock?
Which symptom is specifically associated with cardiogenic shock but not with hypovolemic shock?
Which symptom is specifically associated with cardiogenic shock but not with hypovolemic shock?
Which of the following can be a potential cause of neurogenic shock?
Which of the following can be a potential cause of neurogenic shock?
What are common early signs of septic shock?
What are common early signs of septic shock?
Which symptom can occur in anaphylactic shock indicating an airway obstruction?
Which symptom can occur in anaphylactic shock indicating an airway obstruction?
In which type of shock is pallor and cool clammy skin particularly noted?
In which type of shock is pallor and cool clammy skin particularly noted?
Which type of shock results from extreme hypersensitivity reaction?
Which type of shock results from extreme hypersensitivity reaction?
What is a common consequence of significant fluid loss leading to hypovolemic shock?
What is a common consequence of significant fluid loss leading to hypovolemic shock?
What happens when the compensatory mechanisms in shock fail?
What happens when the compensatory mechanisms in shock fail?
Which of the following is a common metabolic change observed in shock?
Which of the following is a common metabolic change observed in shock?
Which type of shock is characterized by a blockage of blood flow outside the heart?
Which type of shock is characterized by a blockage of blood flow outside the heart?
What is a potential complication of shock that may affect the lungs?
What is a potential complication of shock that may affect the lungs?
Which characteristic is common to all forms of shock?
Which characteristic is common to all forms of shock?
What is the main cause of distributive shock?
What is the main cause of distributive shock?
What physiological response is NOT typically observed in shock?
What physiological response is NOT typically observed in shock?
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system during shock?
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system during shock?
What is one effect on organ systems when tissue perfusion is inadequate?
What is one effect on organ systems when tissue perfusion is inadequate?
Which component is essential for maintaining tissue perfusion and blood pressure?
Which component is essential for maintaining tissue perfusion and blood pressure?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes malignant neoplasms from benign neoplasms?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes malignant neoplasms from benign neoplasms?
What is a common method by which malignant cells spread throughout the body?
What is a common method by which malignant cells spread throughout the body?
Which of the following processes contributes to the development of cancer after DNA alteration?
Which of the following processes contributes to the development of cancer after DNA alteration?
Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for cancer development?
Which factor is NOT considered a risk factor for cancer development?
What type of cancer is primarily associated with lymph tissue?
What type of cancer is primarily associated with lymph tissue?
Which cancer prevention method focuses on recognizing early signs of cancer?
Which cancer prevention method focuses on recognizing early signs of cancer?
Which of the following is considered a carcinogen?
Which of the following is considered a carcinogen?
Which statement best describes 'in situ' cancer?
Which statement best describes 'in situ' cancer?
What is the primary purpose of regular screenings such as mammograms and pap smears?
What is the primary purpose of regular screenings such as mammograms and pap smears?
Which dietary recommendation is made to promote cancer prevention?
Which dietary recommendation is made to promote cancer prevention?
What type of test is considered the only accurate way to identify cancer?
What type of test is considered the only accurate way to identify cancer?
What is the role of PET scans in cancer diagnosis?
What is the role of PET scans in cancer diagnosis?
How does nuclear imaging assist in cancer diagnosis?
How does nuclear imaging assist in cancer diagnosis?
Which of the following is NOT a common diagnostic test for cancer detection?
Which of the following is NOT a common diagnostic test for cancer detection?
What does Tis indicate in cancer staging?
What does Tis indicate in cancer staging?
What lifestyle change can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer?
What lifestyle change can significantly reduce the risk of developing cancer?
Which side effect is commonly associated with radiation treatment?
Which side effect is commonly associated with radiation treatment?
What is indicated by the 'NX' designation in cancer staging?
What is indicated by the 'NX' designation in cancer staging?
What is the significance of monitoring tumor markers in lab tests?
What is the significance of monitoring tumor markers in lab tests?
Which of the following describes a well differentiated tumor?
Which of the following describes a well differentiated tumor?
During chemotherapy, what is the significant risk associated with vesicant drugs?
During chemotherapy, what is the significant risk associated with vesicant drugs?
What is a common side effect of poorly differentiated tumors?
What is a common side effect of poorly differentiated tumors?
Which of the following best describes the role of combinations in chemotherapy?
Which of the following best describes the role of combinations in chemotherapy?
What does an increase in reticulocytes indicate?
What does an increase in reticulocytes indicate?
Which type of white blood cells is primarily increased during viral infections?
Which type of white blood cells is primarily increased during viral infections?
When is it likely that eosinophils would be decreased?
When is it likely that eosinophils would be decreased?
What condition is associated with an increased level of basophils?
What condition is associated with an increased level of basophils?
What happens to hemoglobin levels in cases of anemia or blood loss?
What happens to hemoglobin levels in cases of anemia or blood loss?
Which of the following indicates a response to bacterial infections?
Which of the following indicates a response to bacterial infections?
What condition may result in decreased levels of reticulocytes?
What condition may result in decreased levels of reticulocytes?
Which type of white blood cells is increased in allergic responses?
Which type of white blood cells is increased in allergic responses?
What can be a potential cause of secondary polycythemia?
What can be a potential cause of secondary polycythemia?
What is a significant sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
What is a significant sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Which of the following conditions is associated with an acquired bleeding disorder?
Which of the following conditions is associated with an acquired bleeding disorder?
What should be avoided to reduce the risk of decreased tissue perfusion?
What should be avoided to reduce the risk of decreased tissue perfusion?
What is the primary treatment for managing polycythemia?
What is the primary treatment for managing polycythemia?
Which intervention is critical for a patient with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
Which intervention is critical for a patient with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
What symptom is commonly associated with acute polycythemia?
What symptom is commonly associated with acute polycythemia?
What is the pathophysiological consequence of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
What is the pathophysiological consequence of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Which dietary change is recommended to help manage iron deficiency anemia?
Which dietary change is recommended to help manage iron deficiency anemia?
What is the primary cause of aplastic anemia?
What is the primary cause of aplastic anemia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of sickle cell anemia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of sickle cell anemia?
What intervention is crucial for managing a patient with aplastic anemia?
What intervention is crucial for managing a patient with aplastic anemia?
Which test helps in diagnosing sickle cell anemia?
Which test helps in diagnosing sickle cell anemia?
What symptom is most likely associated with a crisis in sickle cell anemia?
What symptom is most likely associated with a crisis in sickle cell anemia?
What is a potential consequence of untreated aplastic anemia?
What is a potential consequence of untreated aplastic anemia?
Which intervention should be avoided in a patient with aplastic anemia?
Which intervention should be avoided in a patient with aplastic anemia?
What is the highest priority action for a nurse managing a patient experiencing anaphylactic shock?
What is the highest priority action for a nurse managing a patient experiencing anaphylactic shock?
Which of the following symptoms is typically observed in the later phase of septic shock?
Which of the following symptoms is typically observed in the later phase of septic shock?
What is a common precursor condition that may lead to septic shock?
What is a common precursor condition that may lead to septic shock?
Which class of drugs is typically administered in anaphylactic shock to counteract severe allergic reactions?
Which class of drugs is typically administered in anaphylactic shock to counteract severe allergic reactions?
In neurogenic shock, which of the following symptoms might be present?
In neurogenic shock, which of the following symptoms might be present?
Which type of shock is a leading cause of death in critically ill patients due to its severe effects on the body?
Which type of shock is a leading cause of death in critically ill patients due to its severe effects on the body?
Regarding therapeutic measures for shock, which intervention is not commonly performed?
Regarding therapeutic measures for shock, which intervention is not commonly performed?
What describes the typical skin characteristics observed in a patient experiencing early septic shock?
What describes the typical skin characteristics observed in a patient experiencing early septic shock?
What is the recommended position for a patient using an incentive spirometer?
What is the recommended position for a patient using an incentive spirometer?
How often should the patient perform deep breathing exercises post-operation?
How often should the patient perform deep breathing exercises post-operation?
What is the primary purpose of coughing and splinting the incision with a pillow post-operatively?
What is the primary purpose of coughing and splinting the incision with a pillow post-operatively?
What is a critical component of pre-operative patient care regarding consent?
What is a critical component of pre-operative patient care regarding consent?
What should a nurse do if a patient expresses extreme anxiety before surgery?
What should a nurse do if a patient expresses extreme anxiety before surgery?
Which items should be removed from a patient before surgery as part of the pre-operative checklist?
Which items should be removed from a patient before surgery as part of the pre-operative checklist?
What best describes the nurse's role when witnessing the signing of a consent form?
What best describes the nurse's role when witnessing the signing of a consent form?
Which statement accurately reflects the use of pain medication in relation to coughing post-operatively?
Which statement accurately reflects the use of pain medication in relation to coughing post-operatively?
What is the role of the circulating nurse during a surgical procedure?
What is the role of the circulating nurse during a surgical procedure?
What is a primary complication associated with malignant hyperthermia?
What is a primary complication associated with malignant hyperthermia?
Which nursing action is crucial for airway management in the post-operative phase?
Which nursing action is crucial for airway management in the post-operative phase?
Which significant sign indicates the possibility of malignant hyperthermia during surgery?
Which significant sign indicates the possibility of malignant hyperthermia during surgery?
What is the primary focus of a nurse caring for a patient who has received IV conscious sedation?
What is the primary focus of a nurse caring for a patient who has received IV conscious sedation?
What should be the immediate action when a patient displays symptoms of malignant hyperthermia?
What should be the immediate action when a patient displays symptoms of malignant hyperthermia?
Which statement best describes the duties of the scrub nurse in the intra-operative phase?
Which statement best describes the duties of the scrub nurse in the intra-operative phase?
What complication might a patient experience if they have low respiratory function post-surgery?
What complication might a patient experience if they have low respiratory function post-surgery?
What is the primary goal of nurses in the context of surgical procedures?
What is the primary goal of nurses in the context of surgical procedures?
Which factor is NOT considered when assessing surgical outcomes?
Which factor is NOT considered when assessing surgical outcomes?
What is the purpose of preoperative education for surgical patients?
What is the purpose of preoperative education for surgical patients?
Which is an essential consideration for a patient with a lung disorder prior to surgery?
Which is an essential consideration for a patient with a lung disorder prior to surgery?
What is the key aspect of postoperative care that nurses should focus on?
What is the key aspect of postoperative care that nurses should focus on?
What is the significance of the pre-admission surgical patient assessment?
What is the significance of the pre-admission surgical patient assessment?
What should a patient be instructed to do regarding medication on the day of surgery?
What should a patient be instructed to do regarding medication on the day of surgery?
What is one of the perioperative phases that occurs directly before the patient goes to surgery?
What is one of the perioperative phases that occurs directly before the patient goes to surgery?
Which nursing action helps promote circulation in a post-operative patient?
Which nursing action helps promote circulation in a post-operative patient?
What is a key assessment for detecting complications following surgery?
What is a key assessment for detecting complications following surgery?
Which of the following interventions can help manage post-operative nausea and vomiting?
Which of the following interventions can help manage post-operative nausea and vomiting?
What vital sign changes should a nurse closely monitor in a post-operative patient?
What vital sign changes should a nurse closely monitor in a post-operative patient?
When promoting comfort for a post-operative patient, which nursing action is most effective?
When promoting comfort for a post-operative patient, which nursing action is most effective?
What should be the primary focus during the initial post-operative assessment?
What should be the primary focus during the initial post-operative assessment?
Which nursing action is appropriate for a patient at risk of hypovolemic shock?
Which nursing action is appropriate for a patient at risk of hypovolemic shock?
Which factor is critical in assessing the neurological function of a post-operative patient?
Which factor is critical in assessing the neurological function of a post-operative patient?
What is the most common problem after surgery regarding urinary function?
What is the most common problem after surgery regarding urinary function?
Which intervention can help shorten the duration of paralytic ileus post-surgery?
Which intervention can help shorten the duration of paralytic ileus post-surgery?
What distinguishes second intention wound healing from first intention?
What distinguishes second intention wound healing from first intention?
In which scenario would a healthcare provider most likely need to contact a physician regarding urinary output?
In which scenario would a healthcare provider most likely need to contact a physician regarding urinary output?
What should be done if a surgical wound exhibits signs of dehiscence?
What should be done if a surgical wound exhibits signs of dehiscence?
Which condition is NOT typically an interference with wound healing?
Which condition is NOT typically an interference with wound healing?
What is one of the risks associated with administering Alvimopan for post-operative recovery?
What is one of the risks associated with administering Alvimopan for post-operative recovery?
How should a nurse proceed with the removal of sutures from a long incision?
How should a nurse proceed with the removal of sutures from a long incision?
Flashcards
Shock
Shock
Circulatory collapse leading to organ damage and death if not treated quickly.
Shock Pathophysiology
Shock Pathophysiology
Inadequate tissue perfusion when compensatory mechanisms fail.
Compensation (Shock)
Compensation (Shock)
Body's initial response to insufficient blood flow, involving adjustments to keep perfusion going.
Hypovolemic Shock
Hypovolemic Shock
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Cardiogenic Shock
Cardiogenic Shock
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Obstructive Shock
Obstructive Shock
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Distributive Shock
Distributive Shock
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Shock Complications
Shock Complications
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Hypovolemic Shock Cause
Hypovolemic Shock Cause
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Cardiogenic Shock Nursing Action
Cardiogenic Shock Nursing Action
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Septic Shock Priority Action
Septic Shock Priority Action
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Shock Interventions (Select All)
Shock Interventions (Select All)
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Allergy Prevention Intervention
Allergy Prevention Intervention
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Shock Patient Teaching (Hypovolemia)
Shock Patient Teaching (Hypovolemia)
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Shock Patient Monitoring
Shock Patient Monitoring
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Shock Intervention (Airway and Oxygen)
Shock Intervention (Airway and Oxygen)
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Causes of Hypovolemic Shock
Causes of Hypovolemic Shock
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Causes of Cardiogenic Shock
Causes of Cardiogenic Shock
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Causes of Obstructive Shock
Causes of Obstructive Shock
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Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylactic Shock
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Causes of Anaphylactic Shock
Causes of Anaphylactic Shock
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Septic Shock
Septic Shock
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Causes of Septic Shock
Causes of Septic Shock
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Neurogenic Shock
Neurogenic Shock
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Causes of Neurogenic Shock
Causes of Neurogenic Shock
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Signs of Shock
Signs of Shock
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What are the 'Classic Signs of Shock'?
What are the 'Classic Signs of Shock'?
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What is the first action in Anaphylactic Shock?
What is the first action in Anaphylactic Shock?
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What is the priority intervention in Septic Shock?
What is the priority intervention in Septic Shock?
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How to differentiate Hypovolemic from Cardiogenic Shock?
How to differentiate Hypovolemic from Cardiogenic Shock?
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Shock Compensation
Shock Compensation
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Septic Shock Cause
Septic Shock Cause
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Anaphylactic Shock Cause
Anaphylactic Shock Cause
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Benign Tumor
Benign Tumor
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Malignant Tumor
Malignant Tumor
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Metastasis
Metastasis
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In Situ Cancer
In Situ Cancer
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Cancer Etiology
Cancer Etiology
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Carcinogen
Carcinogen
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Cancer Risk Factors
Cancer Risk Factors
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Cancer Prevention
Cancer Prevention
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Cancer Warning Signs
Cancer Warning Signs
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Early Cancer Detection
Early Cancer Detection
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Healthy Lifestyle for Cancer Prevention
Healthy Lifestyle for Cancer Prevention
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Biopsy
Biopsy
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Radiological Studies for Cancer
Radiological Studies for Cancer
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Nuclear Imaging
Nuclear Imaging
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Lab Tests for Cancer
Lab Tests for Cancer
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Bone Marrow Aspiration
Bone Marrow Aspiration
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Hematocrit (Hct)
Hematocrit (Hct)
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Increased Hct
Increased Hct
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Decreased Hct
Decreased Hct
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Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
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Reticulocytes
Reticulocytes
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Increased Reticulocytes
Increased Reticulocytes
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Decreased Reticulocytes
Decreased Reticulocytes
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White Blood Cells (WBCs)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Iron Deficiency Anemia Symptoms
Iron Deficiency Anemia Symptoms
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Iron Deficiency Anemia Interventions
Iron Deficiency Anemia Interventions
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Aplastic Anemia Pathophysiology
Aplastic Anemia Pathophysiology
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Aplastic Anemia Etiology
Aplastic Anemia Etiology
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Sickle Cell Anemia Pathophysiology
Sickle Cell Anemia Pathophysiology
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Sickle Cell Anemia Crisis Prevention
Sickle Cell Anemia Crisis Prevention
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Sickle Cell Anemia Crisis Treatment
Sickle Cell Anemia Crisis Treatment
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What are the stages of cancer?
What are the stages of cancer?
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What does 'Tis' mean in cancer staging?
What does 'Tis' mean in cancer staging?
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What are common side effects of radiation?
What are common side effects of radiation?
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What are the 'BITES' acronym for chemotherapy side effects?
What are the 'BITES' acronym for chemotherapy side effects?
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What is a vesicant drug?
What is a vesicant drug?
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What is the importance of time, distance, and shielding in radiation safety?
What is the importance of time, distance, and shielding in radiation safety?
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What is the main action of chemotherapy drugs?
What is the main action of chemotherapy drugs?
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Why is combo therapy used in chemotherapy?
Why is combo therapy used in chemotherapy?
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Polycythemia Pathophysiology
Polycythemia Pathophysiology
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Polycythemia Etiology (Primary)
Polycythemia Etiology (Primary)
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Polycythemia Etiology (Secondary)
Polycythemia Etiology (Secondary)
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Pathophysiology
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Pathophysiology
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DIC Etiology
DIC Etiology
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Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Pathophysiology
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Pathophysiology
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ITP Etiology
ITP Etiology
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Von Willebrand Disease
Von Willebrand Disease
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Neurogenic Shock Cause
Neurogenic Shock Cause
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First Action in Anaphylactic Shock
First Action in Anaphylactic Shock
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Classic Signs of Shock
Classic Signs of Shock
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Surgery Suffixes
Surgery Suffixes
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What are the types of surgery?
What are the types of surgery?
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Incentive Spirometry
Incentive Spirometry
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Pre-Op Nursing Diagnosis
Pre-Op Nursing Diagnosis
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Pre-Op Consent
Pre-Op Consent
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Pre-Op Checklist
Pre-Op Checklist
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Transfer to Surgery
Transfer to Surgery
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Holding Area
Holding Area
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Verifications
Verifications
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Patient Initials/Marks Operative Site
Patient Initials/Marks Operative Site
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Pre-operative Phases
Pre-operative Phases
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Factors Influencing Surgical Outcomes
Factors Influencing Surgical Outcomes
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What is a pre-admission surgical assessment?
What is a pre-admission surgical assessment?
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Pre-operative Education
Pre-operative Education
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NPO
NPO
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Post-operative Care
Post-operative Care
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Discharge Criteria
Discharge Criteria
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IV Insertion
IV Insertion
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Pre-Warming
Pre-Warming
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Scrub Nurse
Scrub Nurse
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Circulating Nurse
Circulating Nurse
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General Anesthesia
General Anesthesia
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Malignant Hyperthermia
Malignant Hyperthermia
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IV Conscious Sedation
IV Conscious Sedation
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Post-Op Phase
Post-Op Phase
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Post-op Respiratory Assessment
Post-op Respiratory Assessment
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Post-op Circulation Assessment
Post-op Circulation Assessment
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Post-op Neurological Assessment
Post-op Neurological Assessment
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Post-op Pain Control
Post-op Pain Control
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Post-op Nausea and Vomiting
Post-op Nausea and Vomiting
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Post-op Gas Relief
Post-op Gas Relief
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Post-op Thirst Management
Post-op Thirst Management
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Post-op Constipation Management
Post-op Constipation Management
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Urinary Retention Post-Op
Urinary Retention Post-Op
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Post-Op Ileus
Post-Op Ileus
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Alvimopan (Entereg)
Alvimopan (Entereg)
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Post-Op Wound Healing: First Intention
Post-Op Wound Healing: First Intention
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Post-Op Wound Healing: Third Intention
Post-Op Wound Healing: Third Intention
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Dehiscence
Dehiscence
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Post-Op Wound Drainage: Sanguineous
Post-Op Wound Drainage: Sanguineous
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Post-Op Wound Drainage: Serosanguineous
Post-Op Wound Drainage: Serosanguineous
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Post-Op Wound Drainage: Serous
Post-Op Wound Drainage: Serous
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Study Notes
Nursing Care of Patients in Shock
- Shock is circulatory collapse resulting in organ damage and death without immediate treatment.
- Tissue perfusion and blood pressure (B/P) are maintained by adequate blood volume, effective cardiac pump function, and effective blood vessels.
- Compensation mechanisms (also called compensatory mechanisms) initially try to maintain adequate blood flow.
- Once compensation mechanisms fail, shock occurs.
Pathophysiology of Shock
- Inadequate tissue perfusion is a defining characteristic of shock.
- Compensation initially involves changes in one or both of the nonfailing systems.
- Metabolic and hemodynamic changes in shock include tachycardia, tachypnea, oliguria, and cool, clammy skin with pallor.
- Decreased blood pressure.
Effect on Organ and Organ Systems
- Tissue ischemia and organ injury may occur.
- Brain death can result if oxygen deprivation (anoxia) continues for over 4 minutes.
- Complications from shock include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
Classification of Shock
- Hypovolemic shock: Decreased circulating blood volume, often due to dehydration, hemorrhage, or fluid loss from burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or intravascular spaces. This fluid shifts from the intravascular space to other spaces like interstitial fluid.
- Cardiogenic shock: Failure of heart to adequately pump blood to the body, which can result from acute myocardial infarction, rupture of heart valve, acute myocarditis/cardiomyopathy, end-stage heart disease, or severe dysrhythmias (A-fib).
- Obstructive shock: Blockage of blood flow because of a problem outside the heart, like with pericardial tamponade (fluid around the heart), tension pneumothorax (air in the pleural space), or acute pulmonary hypertension.
- Distributive shock: Excessive dilation of venules/arterioles. This leads to widespread vasodilation, causing decreased blood pressure, as in anaphylactic shock, septic shock, or neurogenic shock.
Anaphylactic Shock
- Extreme hypersensitivity to an antigen, usually occurring within minutes.
- Causes include insect stings, antibiotics, peanuts, and anesthetics, dyes/blood.
- Symptoms often mirror hypovolemic shock, including allergic reactions, rash, hives, laryngeal edema, severe bronchospasm, and wheezing. Breathing difficulty with a metallic taste and altered mental status can also occur. Airway is the top priority.
- Management involves immediate oxygenation, airway management, and epinephrine (adrenaline) to reverse the reaction.
Septic Shock
- Systemic infection and inflammation, most often caused by gram-negative bacteria. Other microbes such as multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi, may be involved.
- May occur in patients with conditions such as trauma, diabetes, or those receiving corticosteroid therapy, HIV, chemotherapy, burns, malnutrition, or invasive catheters.
- Early phase signs may include warmth and flushed skin, fever, increased white blood cells (WBC), decreased blood pressure, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
- Later phases show decreased blood pressure and tachycardia, cool clammy skin, tachypnea, oliguria (decreased urine output), and potentially subnormal temperature, with altered mental status possible.
- Prompt treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics is critical.
Neurogenic Shock
- Dysfunction or injury of the nervous system, which results in dilation of peripheral blood vessels.
- Common causes are general anesthesia, fever, and metabolic disturbances.
- Often, brain contusions/concussions.
- Symptoms include decreased blood pressure, altered mental status, early signs of bradycardia (slow heart rate) and warm, dry skin, followed by late signs of tachycardia and cool, clammy skin.
Classic Signs of Shock
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Oliguria
- Pallor, cool, clammy skin
Therapeutic Measures for Shock
- Maintain airway and respiratory support.
- Provide cardiovascular support.
- Maintain circulatory volume.
- Control bleeding.
- Treat the cause and identify the source of infection.
- Nurse interventions also include: monitoring vital signs, monitoring intake and output, providing fluids as ordered, providing warmth, relieving pain, and monitoring for pressure injuries, especially with vasopressor use.
Review Questions and Answers (Examples)
- Hypovolemic Shock: Circulating blood volume is decreased.
- Cardiogenic Shock: Administer epinephrine as ordered. Promptly and frequently assess vital signs.
- Allergy and Shock: Carry epinephrine auto-injector.
- Septic Shock: Obtain blood cultures before antibiotics; give broad-spectrum antibiotics promptly. Monitor intake and output.
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Description
This quiz covers vital concepts related to the nursing care of patients experiencing shock. It includes the pathophysiology, compensation mechanisms, and the effects on organ systems. Test your understanding of how to manage and recognize the signs of shock effectively.
