Nursing Care for Malaria Patients

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern for pregnant women in the workplace when parvovirus infection is present?

Their risk of contracting the infection

Their need to care for patients with aplastic crises (correct)

Their exclusion from the workplace

Their risk of transmitting the infection to others

What is the typical incubation period of diphtheria?

7-10 days

1-2 days

2-5 days (correct)

5-7 days

What is the primary goal of symptomatic and supportive treatment for parvovirus infection?

To reduce the transmission of the infection

To eradicate the virus

To manage symptoms and prevent complications (correct)

To accelerate the recovery process

What is the rationale for placing a hospitalized child with suspected parvovirus infection on Droplet Precautions and Standard Precautions?

To prevent the transmission of the infection to others Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between diphtheria and strep throat?

The causative agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for pregnant women in contact with children with parvovirus infection?

Routine fetal ultrasound for detection of fetal hydrops Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Expanded Program on Immunization?

To reduce the morbidity and mortality among children against the most common vaccine preventable diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of global total mortality in children under 5 years of age is estimated to be due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination?

14% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intervention for preventing bleeding in pediatric patients?

Early detection of signs of bleeding and immediate referral Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of deaths among children under 5 years of age that could have been prevented by routine vaccination?

1.4 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the nursing intervention in pediatric disease management?

To monitor vital signs hourly Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of children under the age of one year who did not receive basic vaccines?

19.7 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Expanded Program on Immunization in terms of polio?

To sustain the polio-free status of the Philippines Signup and view all the answers

How many children have been vaccinated over the last decade according to the Expanded Program on Immunization?

1 billion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for administering antimicrobials in the treatment of diphtheria?

To halt toxin production, treat localized infection, and prevent transmission to contacts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nasopharyngeal diphtheria?

Serosanguineous mucopurulent nasal discharge without constitutional symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering equine antitoxin in the treatment of diphtheria?

To neutralize the toxin produced by C. diphtheriae Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of antibiotic therapy for diphtheria?

14 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of diphtheria that can occur in the 2nd to 3rd week after infection?

Toxic cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose of procaine penicillin G for children weighing more than 10 kg?

600,000 units/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Contact Precautions in the management of diphtheria?

To prevent transmission of C. diphtheriae to contacts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing intervention in the management of diphtheria?

To maintain complete bed rest and prevent myocarditis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Education and Nursing Intervention

Educate patients on the use of mosquito nets and insecticides to prevent diseases.
Vital signs should be monitored hourly, noting for signs of deterioration, such as narrowing pulse pressure, sudden drop in temperature, decreased blood pressure and pulse rate.
Strict monitoring of fluid intake and output is necessary.
Immediate referral is required for any change in the client's status, and proper documentation of procedures is necessary.

Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)

Established in 1976 through PD 996, EPI aims to ensure infants, children, and mothers have access to routinely recommended infant/childhood vaccines.
In 2002, the WHO estimated that 1.4 million deaths among children under 5 years are due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination, representing 14% of global total mortality in children under 5 years of age.
Immunization currently prevents 2-3 million deaths every year.
An estimated 19.7 million children under the age of one year did not receive basic vaccines.
More than 1 billion children were vaccinated over the last decade.

Six Preventable Diseases

Tuberculosis
Poliomyelitis
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Measles

Interventions/Strategies

Overall goal: To reduce morbidity and mortality among children against the most common vaccine-preventable diseases.
Specific goals:
- Immunize all infants/children against the most common vaccine-preventable diseases.
- Sustain the polio-free status of the Philippines.
- Eliminate measles infection.
- Eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus.
- Control diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, and German measles.
- Prevent extra pulmonary tuberculosis among children.

Treatment of Preventable Diseases

Symptomatic and supportive treatment includes antipyretics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Possible blood transfusion for transient aplastic anemia.
Complications include:
- Self-limited arthritis and arthralgia (arthritis may become chronic).
- Serious complications (anemia, hydrops) or fetal death if mother infected during pregnancy (primarily second trimester).
- Aplastic crisis in children with hemolytic disease or immunodeficiency.
- Myocarditis (rare).

Diphtheria

Agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Source: Discharges from mucous membranes of nose and nasopharynx, skin, and other lesions of infected person.
Transmission: Direct contact with infected person, a carrier, or contaminated articles.
Incubation period: Usually 2-5 days, possibly longer.
Period of communicability: Variable, until virulent bacilli are no longer present (identified by three negative cultures); usually 2 weeks but as long as 4 weeks.

Clinical Manifestations of Diphtheria

Vary according to anatomic location of pseudomembrane.
Nasal: Resembles common cold, serosanguineous mucopurulent nasal discharge without constitutional symptoms; may have frank epistaxis.
Tonsillar-pharyngeal: Malaise, anorexia, sore throat, low-grade fever, pulse increased above expected for temperature within 24 hours, smooth, adherent, white or gray membrane, lymphadenitis possibly pronounced (“bull’s neck”); in severe cases, toxemia, septic shock, and death within 6-10 days.
Laryngeal: Fever, hoarseness, cough, with or without previous signs listed; potential airway obstruction; apprehensive; dyspneic retractions; cyanosis.

Treatment of Diphtheria

Equine antitoxin (usually intravenously); preceded by skin or conjunctival test to rule out sensitivity to horse serum.
Antibiotics (penicillin G procaine or erythromycin) in addition to equine antitoxin.
Complete bed rest (prevention of myocarditis).
Tracheostomy for airway obstruction.
Treatment of infected contacts and carriers.
Complications: Toxic cardiomyopathy, toxic neuropathy.

Nursing Intervention for Diphtheria

Follow Standard and Droplet Precautions until two cultures are negative for C. diphtheriae; use Contact Precautions with cutaneous manifestations.
Administer antibiotics in a timely manner.
Participate in sensitivity testing; have epinephrine available.
Administer complete care to maintain bed rest.
Use suctioning as needed.
Observe respiration for signs of obstruction.

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Description

This quiz assesses the nurse's knowledge on providing care to patients with malaria, including education on mosquito nets and insecticides, monitoring vital signs, and detecting signs of bleeding.