Malaria Life Cycle and Species Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which parasite causes malaria tertiana?

  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium malariae
  • Plasmodium vivax (correct)
  • Plasmodium ovale

    • What is the most severe type of malaria?

  • Plasmodium malariae
  • Plasmodium falciparum (correct)
  • Plasmodium ovale
  • Plasmodium vivax

    • Which process involves the formation of sporozoites?

  • Gametogony
  • Schizogony
  • Sporogony (correct)
  • Endodyogeny

    • What is the structure used by Apicomplexa to attach to and penetrate host cells?

    <p>Apical complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is malaria incidence higher?

    <p>In poor rural and urban areas with poor sanitary conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many species of female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit human malaria?

    <p>Over 60 species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Anopheles mosquitoes require blood meals for?

    <p>For egg laying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the sexual phase of malaria parasites occur?

    <p>In female Anopheles mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do merozoites released by preerythrocytic schizonts do in the human host?

    <p>Invade red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released when parasitized cells rupture?

    <p>Malaria pigment, or hemozoin pigment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is malaria pigment taken up in the human host?

    <p>By reticuloendothelial cells in internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the progression of malaria parasites in the human host from?

    <p>Ring-form trophozoites to mature schizonts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do sporozoites move to in the mosquito host?

    <p>To the salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sporozoites in the mosquito host?

    <p>They become infective when the mosquito bites humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Toxoplasma gondii infect cats?

    <p>Through ingestion of tissue cysts in the meat of other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the exoenteric cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in intermediate hosts like humans?

    <p>Only asexual reproduction occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Toxoplasma infection in humans?

    <p>Most human infections are asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible clinical manifestations of acquired toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Lymph node enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is diagnosis of toxoplasmosis often confirmed?

    <p>Serological methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in the prophylaxis of human toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Proper heat treatment of meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides protection against P. vivax infection due to the absence of specific glycoprotein receptors on the erythrocyte surface?

    <p>Duffy negative red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells offer natural protection against P. vivax and hinder proper multiplication of P. falciparum?

    <p>Hemoglobin E and sickled red cells containing HbS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protects infants under 3 months in endemic areas from malaria?

    <p>Maternal antibodies transferred across the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can malaria be diagnosed?

    <p>Demonstrating malarial parasites in peripheral blood smears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are prophylactic measures for malaria?

    <p>Limiting mosquito contact, using protective clothing, and repellents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common protozoan parasite with a wide range of hosts, including humans?

    <p>Toxoplasma gondii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals are definitive hosts for Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Cats and other felines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of infection are tissue cysts found?

    <p>Chronic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of Toxoplasma gondii can remain viable in tissue for several years?

    <p>Tissue cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are oocysts formed in Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>In the intestine of cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Plasmodium species accounts for 80% of malaria infections?

    <p>Plasmodium vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes febrile paroxysms in malaria?

    <p>Rupture of erythrocytes by merozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which host does gametogony of Plasmodium species end?

    <p>Definitive host, the female Anopheles mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Plasmodium species is highly pathogenic?

    <p>Plasmodium falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of malaria quartana?

    <p>Plasmodium malariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes relapses in inadequately treated P. vivax and P. ovale infections?

    <p>Reactivation of hypnozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical symptoms of malaria?

    <p>Periodic fever, anemia, tiredness, and organ complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can malaria spread?

    <p>Mosquito bites, blood transfusion, and from mother to fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a grave prognosis in malaria?

    <p>Presence of P. falciparum schizonts in peripheral smears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes malaria ovale?

    <p>Plasmodium ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ends in the female Anopheles mosquito, the definitive host?

    <p>Gametogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes febrile paroxysms in malaria tertiana?

    <p>Rupture of erythrocytes by merozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most severe type of malaria?

    <p>Malaria tropica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process favored by parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, in which two daughter cells are produced inside a mother cell?

    <p>Endodyogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the structure possessed by parasites from phylum Apicomplexa, which they use to attach to and penetrate host cells?

    <p>Apical complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Plasmodium species causes malaria quartana?

    <p>Plasmodium malariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do merozoites released by preerythrocytic schizonts invade in the human host?

    <p>Liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to malaria pigment when parasitized cells rupture in the human host?

    <p>It is taken up by reticuloendothelial cells in internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do sporozoites move to in the mosquito host to become infective when the mosquito bites humans?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the progression of malaria parasites in the human host from?

    <p>Ring-form trophozoites to mature schizonts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Anopheles mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria?

    <p>Transmitting the malaria parasite to humans through their bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do malaria parasites undergo tissue schizogony and erythrocytic schizogony in the human host?

    <p>Liver and red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason Anopheles mosquitoes require blood meals?

    <p>For egg laying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the sexual phase of malaria parasites occur?

    <p>Female Anopheles mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat associated with higher malaria incidence?

    <p>Poor rural and urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final destination of sporozoites in the mosquito host?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location where Anopheles mosquitoes transmit human malaria?

    <p>Poor rural and urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do merozoites released by preerythrocytic schizonts invade in the human host?

    <p>Liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enteric cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in cats primarily characterized by?

    <p>Sexual and asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the exoenteric cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, what do sporozoites and bradyzoites form after entering the intestinal mucosa in intermediate hosts like humans?

    <p>Tachyzoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Toxoplasma infection in humans?

    <p>A dead end for the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the outcome of Toxoplasma infection in humans?

    <p>Immune status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can congenital toxoplasmosis result in if the mother is infected for the first time during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible clinical manifestation of acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Toxoplasmic encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis often confirmed?

    <p>Serological methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key measure for the prophylaxis of human toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Proper heat treatment of meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of human infection with Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Ingestion of tissue cysts in the meat of other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the likelihood of active progression of toxoplasmosis in humans?

    <p>Immune status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical manifestation of acquired toxoplasmosis in non-immunocompromised individuals?

    <p>Lymph node enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Toxoplasmic encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes febrile paroxysms in malaria quartana?

    <p>Rupture of erythrocytes by merozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Plasmodium species causes malaria ovale?

    <p>Plasmodium ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive host for gametogony of Plasmodium species?

    <p>Female Anopheles mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes relapses in inadequately treated P. vivax and P. ovale infections?

    <p>Reactivation of hypnozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of malaria infections?

    <p>Plasmodium vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a grave prognosis in malaria?

    <p>Presence of P. falciparum schizonts in peripheral smears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes malaria tertiana?

    <p>Plasmodium vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical symptoms of malaria?

    <p>Periodic fever, anemia, tiredness, and organ complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can malaria spread?

    <p>Through mosquito bites, blood transfusion, and from mother to fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of gametogony of Plasmodium species in the definitive host?

    <p>Formation of gametocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes febrile paroxysms in malaria tertiana?

    <p>Release of pyrogens by merozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes malaria quartana?

    <p>Plasmodium malariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of red blood cells provide protection against P. vivax infection due to the absence of specific glycoprotein receptors on the erythrocyte surface?

    <p>Duffy negative red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells offer natural protection against P. vivax and hinder proper multiplication of P. falciparum?

    <p>Sickled red blood cells containing HbS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of protection for infants under 3 months in endemic areas against malaria?

    <p>Maternal antibodies transferred across the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used for diagnosing malaria by demonstrating malarial parasites in peripheral blood smears?

    <p>Microscopic examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting form of Toxoplasma gondii found during the chronic stage of the infection, primarily in the brain and skeletal muscles?

    <p>Tissue cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of Toxoplasma gondii can remain viable in tissue for several years, potentially causing clinical disease in individuals with low immunity?

    <p>Tissue cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii formed?

    <p>Intestine of cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actively multiplying form of Toxoplasma gondii seen during the early acute phase of infection that can invade any nucleated cell?

    <p>Trophozoite (tachyzoite)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of malaria is hindered by hemoglobin E and sickled red cells containing HbS?

    <p>P. vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common method for diagnosing malaria?

    <p>Microscopic examination of blood smears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hosts serve as intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Birds, rodents, and mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prophylactic measures are recommended for malaria?

    <p>Limiting mosquito contact, using protective clothing, and repellents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Plasmodium species causes malaria quartana?

    <p>Plasmodium malariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat associated with higher malaria incidence?

    <p>Tropical and subtropical regions with high rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process favored by parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, in which two daughter cells are produced inside a mother cell?

    <p>Endodyogeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the name 'malaria'?

    <p>Bad air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do malaria parasites undergo tissue schizogony and erythrocytic schizogony?

    <p>In the liver of the human host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pigment released when parasitized cells rupture in the human host?

    <p>Hemozoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sporozoites of malaria parasites found in the mosquito host to become infective when the mosquito bites humans?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for merozoites released by preerythrocytic schizonts to invade in the human host?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat associated with higher malaria incidence?

    <p>Poor rural and urban areas with poor sanitary conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for human malaria?

    <p>Mosquito bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the malaria parasite occurs in the human host?

    <p>Asexual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the structure possessed by parasites from phylum Apicomplexa, which they use to attach to and penetrate host cells?

    <p>Apical complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is malaria pigment taken up in the human host?

    <p>Reticuloendothelial cells in internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of gametogony of Plasmodium species in the definitive host?

    <p>Formation of gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood meals for Anopheles mosquitoes?

    <p>Egg laying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the phase of malaria parasites in the human host that progresses from ring-form trophozoites to mature schizonts?

    <p>Erythrocytic schizogony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of febrile paroxysms in malaria tertiana?

    <p>Release of pyrogens by merozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Plasmodium species accounts for 80% of malaria infections?

    <p>Plasmodium vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes malaria quartana?

    <p>Plasmodium malariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Toxoplasma infection in humans?

    <p>Toxoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gametogony end in the definitive host?

    <p>Female Anopheles mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes relapses in inadequately treated P. vivax and P. ovale infections?

    <p>Reactivation of hypnozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical manifestation of acquired toxoplasmosis in non-immunocompromised individuals?

    <p>Tiredness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of gametocytes in P. falciparum?

    <p>Sickle-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does malaria spread?

    <p>Via mosquito bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical symptoms of malaria?

    <p>Periodic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes malaria ovale?

    <p>Plasmodium ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat associated with higher malaria incidence?

    <p>Tropical and subtropical regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in cats?

    <p>Ingestion of tissue cysts in the meat of other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Toxoplasma infection in mice when they are eaten by cats?

    <p>Re-infection and oocyst shedding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely outcome of Toxoplasma infection in humans?

    <p>Asymptomatic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible clinical manifestations of acquired toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Lymph node enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for diagnosing toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Serological methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prophylactic measure for human toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Avoiding contact with cat feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of toxoplasmosis that can result in severe symptoms if the mother is infected for the first time during pregnancy?

    <p>Congenital toxoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Toxoplasmic encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat associated with higher toxoplasmosis incidence?

    <p>Urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in intermediate hosts like humans?

    <p>Ingestion of infected meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the likelihood of active progression of toxoplasmosis in humans?

    <p>Immune status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of Toxoplasma gondii that can remain viable in tissue for several years, potentially causing clinical disease in individuals with low immunity?

    <p>Bradyzoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells provide protection against P. vivax due to the absence of specific glycoprotein receptors on the erythrocyte surface?

    <p>Duffy negative red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of Toxoplasma gondii can remain viable in tissue for several years, potentially causing clinical disease in individuals with low immunity?

    <p>Tissue cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for diagnosing malaria?

    <p>Demonstrating malarial parasites in peripheral blood smears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What offers natural protection against P. vivax and hinders proper multiplication of P. falciparum?

    <p>Hemoglobin E and sickled red cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hosts serve as definitive hosts for Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Cats and other felines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protects infants under 3 months in endemic areas from malaria?

    <p>Maternal antibodies transferred across the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actively multiplying form of Toxoplasma gondii seen during the early acute phase of infection?

    <p>Trophozoite (tachyzoite)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat associated with higher malaria incidence?

    <p>Tropical and subtropical regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of Toxoplasma gondii is formed by sexual reproduction in the intestine of cats and is very resistant to environmental conditions?

    <p>Oocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting form of Toxoplasma gondii found during the chronic stage of the infection, primarily in the brain and skeletal muscles?

    <p>Tissue cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used for treatment of malaria?

    <p>Antimalarial drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can remain infective in soil for about a year?

    <p>Oocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Malaria Life Cycle and Species Summary

    • Merozoites are released into the circulation when the mature schizont bursts and invade fresh erythrocytes for development
    • Rupture of erythrocytes by merozoites releases pyrogens, causing febrile paroxysms in malaria
    • Gametocytes do not cause clinical illness and gametogony ends in the definitive host, the female Anopheles mosquito
    • Plasmodium vivax accounts for 80% of malaria infections and causes malaria tertiana
    • Plasmodium falciparum is highly pathogenic, with characteristic sickle-shaped gametocytes
    • Plasmodium malariae causes malaria quartana, with febrile paroxysms occurring every 4th day
    • Plasmodium ovale causes malaria ovale, with malaria attacks occurring every 3rd day
    • Clinical symptoms of malaria include periodic fever, anemia, tiredness, and organ complications
    • Malaria can spread through mosquito bites, blood transfusion, and from mother to fetus
    • Relapses occur in inadequately treated P. vivax and P. ovale infections due to reactivation of hypnozoites
    • Certain population groups are resistant to malaria
    • The presence of P. falciparum schizonts in peripheral smears indicates a grave prognosis

    Innate Immunity and Resistance to Malaria

    • Duffy negative red blood cells provide protection against P. vivax infection due to the absence of specific glycoprotein receptors (Duffy antigens) on the erythrocyte surface.
    • Hemoglobin E and sickled red cells containing HbS offer natural protection against P. vivax and hinder proper multiplication of P. falciparum.
    • Maternal antibodies transferred across the placenta protect infants under 3 months in endemic areas.
    • Malaria can be diagnosed by demonstrating malarial parasites in peripheral blood smears, with specific characteristics for different species, through PCR, and serology methods.
    • Antimalarial drugs are used for treatment, and prophylactic measures include limiting mosquito contact, using protective clothing, and repellents.
    • Toxoplasma gondii is a common protozoan parasite with a wide range of hosts, including humans, first described in a North American rodent called gundi.
    • Cats and other felines are definitive hosts for Toxoplasma gondii, while birds, rodents, and mammals serve as intermediate hosts.
    • Toxoplasma gondii occurs in three forms: trophozoite (tachyzoite), tissue cyst, and oocyst, each with distinct characteristics and functions.
    • The trophozoite is the actively multiplying form seen during the early acute phase of infection and can invade any nucleated cell.
    • Tissue cysts, the resting form of the parasite, are found during the chronic stage of the infection, primarily in the brain and skeletal muscles.
    • Tissue cysts contain bradyzoites and can remain viable in tissue for several years, potentially causing clinical disease in individuals with low immunity.
    • Oocysts, formed by sexual reproduction in the intestine of cats, are very resistant to environmental conditions and can remain infective in soil for about a year.

    Life Cycle and Clinical Features of Toxoplasma gondii

    • Toxoplasma gondii has an enteric cycle in cats involving sexual and asexual reproduction, with infection occurring through ingestion of tissue cysts in the meat of other animals.
    • The exoenteric cycle occurs in intermediate hosts like humans, involving only asexual reproduction and resulting from ingestion of infected meat or mature oocysts from cat feces.
    • In the exoenteric cycle, sporozoites and bradyzoites enter the intestinal mucosa and multiply to form tachyzoites, which spread locally and to extraintestinal organs, forming tissue cysts.
    • Human infection with Toxoplasma gondii is a dead end for the parasite, while in mice, the cycle continues when they are eaten by cats, leading to re-infection and oocyst shedding.
    • The outcome of Toxoplasma infection depends on the immune status of the infected person, with active progression more likely in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with AIDS.
    • Most human infections are asymptomatic, but clinical toxoplasmosis can be congenital or acquired, with severe symptoms if the mother is infected for the first time during pregnancy.
    • Congenital toxoplasmosis results in severe symptoms such as fetal hydrocephalus, brain calcifications, retinal involvement, and hepatosplenomegaly.
    • Acquired toxoplasmosis is often asymptomatic but can manifest with lymph node enlargement, and in immunocompromised patients, it can lead to serious complications such as toxoplasmic encephalitis and ocular toxoplasmosis.
    • Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is challenging and often relies on serological methods, with microscopy, molecular diagnosis, and imaging also used to detect the parasite and its effects.
    • Prophylaxis of human toxoplasmosis involves proper heat treatment of meat, hygiene practices, and avoiding contact with cat feces, with blood products from seropositive persons avoided and screened in blood banks.
    • The information was created by Assist. Prof. Dr. Stoyan Stoyanov and serves as a comprehensive overview of the life cycle and clinical aspects of Toxoplasma gondii.

    Innate Immunity and Resistance to Malaria

    • Duffy negative red blood cells provide protection against P. vivax infection due to the absence of specific glycoprotein receptors (Duffy antigens) on the erythrocyte surface.
    • Hemoglobin E and sickled red cells containing HbS offer natural protection against P. vivax and hinder proper multiplication of P. falciparum.
    • Maternal antibodies transferred across the placenta protect infants under 3 months in endemic areas.
    • Malaria can be diagnosed by demonstrating malarial parasites in peripheral blood smears, with specific characteristics for different species, through PCR, and serology methods.
    • Antimalarial drugs are used for treatment, and prophylactic measures include limiting mosquito contact, using protective clothing, and repellents.
    • Toxoplasma gondii is a common protozoan parasite with a wide range of hosts, including humans, first described in a North American rodent called gundi.
    • Cats and other felines are definitive hosts for Toxoplasma gondii, while birds, rodents, and mammals serve as intermediate hosts.
    • Toxoplasma gondii occurs in three forms: trophozoite (tachyzoite), tissue cyst, and oocyst, each with distinct characteristics and functions.
    • The trophozoite is the actively multiplying form seen during the early acute phase of infection and can invade any nucleated cell.
    • Tissue cysts, the resting form of the parasite, are found during the chronic stage of the infection, primarily in the brain and skeletal muscles.
    • Tissue cysts contain bradyzoites and can remain viable in tissue for several years, potentially causing clinical disease in individuals with low immunity.
    • Oocysts, formed by sexual reproduction in the intestine of cats, are very resistant to environmental conditions and can remain infective in soil for about a year.

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