Nursing Care for Deep Vein Thrombosis

Dobutamine is a medication used to increase cardiac output in patients with congestive heart failure. It works by stimulating the heart muscle to contract more forcefully, leading to an increase in blood flow and reduced symptoms of heart failure.

Dobutamine is not recommended for patients with ischemic heart disease because it can increase heart rate and oxygen demand, which could worsen the condition.

Dobutamine should not be used in combination with Heparin because it can increase the risk of bleeding. The combined effects on heart rate and blood flow increase the likelihood of hemorrhage.

Dobutamine should not be used in conjunction with Hydrocortisone due to potential cardiovascular instability. Hydrocortisone causes fluid retention and increased blood pressure, which, when combined with Dobutamine, can lead to dangerous fluctuations in cardiovascular function.

The calculation of Heparin infusion rate involves determining the total units needed per hour based on the patient's weight and the concentration of the Heparin solution. The rate is then calculated by dividing the total units needed by the total volume of the Heparin bag.

Heparin is a medication commonly used as an anticoagulant. It works by preventing blood clots from forming by interfering with the clotting factors in the blood.

Refractory heart failure refers to a severe form of heart failure that is unresponsive to standard treatment options. In this case, IV infusion of dobutamine can be used as a last resort.

Dobutamine is administered intravenously (IV) as an infusion, typically at a rate of 0.5 - 1 mcg/kg/minute. The dosage can be adjusted to the patient's needs, up to a maximum of 2 - 20 mcg/kg/minute.

A clinical test for DVT that involves checking for pain in the calf when the foot is dorsiflexed. A positive Homan's test indicates pain, suggesting a possible DVT.

Duplex ultrasound, venography, and angiography are imaging tests used to confirm the presence of DVT. These tests provide visual evidence of the blood clot.

Regular insulin is clear and can be given intravenously (IV), while NPH insulin is cloudy and should not be administered IV. Long-acting insulin can stay in the body for 24-46 hours and is given once a day.

To prevent DVT, encourage ambulation. However, if DVT has already formed, discourage movement to avoid pulmonary embolism. Wear anti-embolic stockings if unable to move.

Hep-lock is a device used in central lines, not peripheral, to maintain patency and prevent blood clots. It's not recommended for peripheral IVs.

The body's circulatory system is working overtime to compensate for decreased blood flow to vital organs. This happens by shunting blood away from less critical areas like the kidneys, skin, and digestive tract.

During this stage, the heart is under strain and may start to malfunction. This can be seen through abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia) and a very fast heart rate (up to 150 beats per minute).

Decreased blood flow to the brain causes mental deterioration. This usually results in decreased levels of consciousness.

In this stage, the patient's blood pressure is within normal limits. This is due to increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps maintain fluid volume.

The kidneys may be affected in the Compensatory Stage. This is due to decreased blood supply to the kidneys, leading to renal insufficiency. Signs include decreased urine output (less than 30mL/hour) and increased BUN and creatinine levels in the blood.

A type of opioid that is 100 times stronger than fentanyl. It's used primarily for animals, but its potency makes it extremely dangerous for humans.

A state where the body becomes accustomed to a drug, requiring higher doses for the same effect. This is a key factor in addiction development.

The physical and psychological symptoms experienced when a person stops using a drug they're dependent on. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening.

A state where a person can no longer function normally without the drug they're addicted to. This is characterized by compulsive drug use, even with negative consequences.

The use of a drug for non-medical reasons, often in a way that is harmful or dangerous. This is often associated with addiction but doesn't always lead to dependence.

Fentanyl and carfentanil are both synthetic opioids, which means they're man-made and have a similar structure to natural opioids like morphine.

Fentanyl, carfentanil, and heroin are all opioids that can cause addiction. They work by acting on the central nervous system and potentially causing respiratory issues.

Carfentanil is particularly dangerous because it's incredibly potent and can cause fatal overdoses even in small amounts.

A medical procedure where blood is exchanged in a baby, usually through the umbilical vein and artery. Donor blood is given through the vein, while the baby's blood is removed through the artery.

Decreased blood returning to the heart from the body.

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat.

The total amount of blood the heart pumps per minute.

The delivery of blood to the body's tissues.

A serious medical condition characterized by insufficient blood flow to vital organs, leading to a drop in blood pressure and organ dysfunction.

The condition of a decreased blood volume in the body, potentially caused by blood loss due to injury or surgery.

A procedure to deliver blood directly into a baby's vein through the umbilical cord.

A condition where blood is shunted away from the skin to vital organs, resulting in pale, cool skin due to decreased blood flow.

Decreased urine output, often less than 30 ml/hour, indicating reduced blood flow to the kidneys.

Reduced bowel sounds, often signifying decreased blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract, which can also lead to ulcer formation.

Blood pressure is initially within normal limits, but it may drop quickly as shock progresses, indicating reduced blood flow.

The patient may initially remain alert and responsive, but as shock progresses, their level of consciousness may deteriorate.

Shock management focuses on restoring adequate fluid volume (IVF) to increase blood circulation, improve heart function, and enhance blood vessel responsiveness.

Isotonic solutions, such as normal saline (0.9% NaCl) are often used as intravenous fluids (IVF) to restore fluid volume in shock.

In shock, a 20-gauge needle is often used for IV access due to potential need for blood transfusions, which requires a larger gauge needle.