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Questions and Answers
What was Louis Pasteur's significant contribution to modern medicine?
What was the limitation of the biomedical model?
What is homeostasis?
Who developed the second stage model of the scientific era?
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What does the term 'homeostasis' mean?
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What is the primary focus of the biomedical model?
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What led to the development of multicausal theories?
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What is the definition of health according to Claude Bernard?
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Who developed the concept of fight and flight response?
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When did the Europeans establish hospitals and clinics in the Gold Coast?
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Who developed the General Adaptation Theory (GAT)?
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How many doctors were there in Ghana in 1879?
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What is the name of the Ghanaian doctor who was one of the 28 doctors in 1879?
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In what year did the first batch of medical doctors qualify from the University of Ghana Medical School?
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How many doctors were there in Ghana in 1967?
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What percentage of doctors in Ghana were Ghanaians in 1967?
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What type of agent includes micro-organisms that cause disease?
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Which of the following is an example of a physical agent that impacts health?
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What is necessary for a biological agent to grow and multiply?
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Which of the following is an example of an 'other' agent?
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What is the relationship between the agent, the host, and the environment?
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What happens to a biological agent if it is unsuccessful?
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Which of the following is an example of a chemical agent?
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What is necessary for the transmission of disease?
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What was Hippocrates' approach to surgery?
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Who wrote the Hippocratic Oath?
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What did Galen think caused infections?
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Who discovered the circulation of blood?
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What was Imhotep's contribution to medicine?
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What did Galen use to write down his medical procedures?
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What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discover?
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What did Hippocrates teach his students about treating patients?
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What is the primary focus of medicine?
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In the pre-scientific era, what was believed to be the cause of illness?
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What was one of the methods used for healing or treatment in the pre-scientific era?
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What was the purpose of trephination?
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Who is known as the 'God of Medicine'?
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Who is credited with attempting to separate the practice of medicine from religion and superstition?
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What is the period of time known as when there were accounts of illness and its effects on the body and mind?
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Who is considered the Greek father of medicine?
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Study Notes
History of Medicine and Medical Nursing
- Medicine is the art and science of diagnosing and treating diseases with drugs without surgical intervention.
Development of Medicine
- Pre-Scientific Era:
- Beliefs about illness were influenced by culture and scientific thought of the time
- Causes of disease were attributed to demonic possessions, punishment for sin, and evil spirits
- Healing methods included chants, trephining (cutting holes in the skull), and concoctions
Men of Medicine
- Imhotep (2900 BC):
- Known as the "God of Medicine"
- Began using simple surgery instead of magic
- Described diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases
- Hippocrates (460 BC):
- Known as the "Father of Medicine"
- Attempted to separate medicine from religion and superstition
- Prescribed a form of aspirin
- Taught that students should treat everyone equally
- Galen (2nd century AD):
- Physician and anatomist
- Dissected animals in medical research
- Believed infections were caused by poisonous gases
- Described wounds as "windows to the body"
- William Harvey (1578-1657):
- Discovered the circulation of blood
- Dissected his own deceased family members
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723):
- Used powerful microscopes to discover one-celled organisms and bacteria
Scientific Era
- Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory:
- Diseases are caused by germs or microorganisms
- Helped reduce mortality rates due to infections
- Biomedical Model:
- Explains diseases as malfunctioning of organs and cells
- Criticized for not considering environmental factors
- Multicausal Theories:
- Developed in stages, including homeostasis and fight-or-flight responses
- Explain the causes of diseases as interacting factors
- Homeostasis:
- Developed by Claude Bernard
- Internal environment of the body must be maintained in a constant state despite external variations
Modern Medicine in Ghana
- Started with European colonization in the 19th century
- In 1844, hospitals and clinics were established, and European doctors were brought in
- In 1879, there were 28 doctors, including one Ghanaian, Dr. Quartey Papafio
- In 1963, the first batch of Ghanaian doctors qualified from the University of Ghana Medical School
Types of Agents
- Biological Agents:
- Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi)
- Physical Agents:
- Non-living things that impact health (water, food, air, climate)
- Chemical Agents:
- Acids, toxic gases
- Other Agents:
- Ageing, neoplasms, allergies, emotions, nutritional factors, socio-cultural, socio-economic factors
Transmission of Disease
- Biological agents require a suitable environment to grow and multiply
- A natural balance exists between the agent, host, and environment
- All three factors influence each other
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Description
Learn about the history of medicine and medical nursing, including the definition of medicine, its development, and the early stages of medical nursing.
