NURS 126: Introduction to Medical Nursing
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Questions and Answers

What was Louis Pasteur's significant contribution to modern medicine?

  • Coining of the term 'homeostasis'
  • Development of multicausal theories
  • Discovery of bacteria in the air (correct)
  • Introduction of the biomedical model

    • What was the limitation of the biomedical model?

  • It was developed by Claude Bernard
  • It could explain the causes of all diseases
  • It did not consider the role of environment in disease conditions (correct)
  • It was the first stage of the scientific era

    • What is homeostasis?

  • The study of the causes of diseases
  • The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment (correct)
  • The development of multicausal theories
  • The process of fighting against disease-causing germs

    • Who developed the second stage model of the scientific era?

    <p>Claude Bernard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'homeostasis' mean?

    <p>Like and standing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the biomedical model?

    <p>Malfunctioning of organs and cells in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the development of multicausal theories?

    <p>The limitations of the biomedical model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of health according to Claude Bernard?

    <p>The ability of the human being to maintain its internal environment in a constant state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the concept of fight and flight response?

    <p>Walter Cannon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Europeans establish hospitals and clinics in the Gold Coast?

    <p>1844</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the General Adaptation Theory (GAT)?

    <p>Hans Selye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many doctors were there in Ghana in 1879?

    <p>28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the Ghanaian doctor who was one of the 28 doctors in 1879?

    <p>Dr. Quartey Papafio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did the first batch of medical doctors qualify from the University of Ghana Medical School?

    <p>1963</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many doctors were there in Ghana in 1967?

    <p>533</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of doctors in Ghana were Ghanaians in 1967?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agent includes micro-organisms that cause disease?

    <p>Biological agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a physical agent that impacts health?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for a biological agent to grow and multiply?

    <p>A suitable environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an 'other' agent?

    <p>Neoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the agent, the host, and the environment?

    <p>There is a natural balance between the agent, the host, and the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a biological agent if it is unsuccessful?

    <p>It dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemical agent?

    <p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for the transmission of disease?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Hippocrates' approach to surgery?

    <p>Using simple surgery instead of magic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who wrote the Hippocratic Oath?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Galen think caused infections?

    <p>Clouds of poisonous gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the circulation of blood?

    <p>William Harvey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Imhotep's contribution to medicine?

    <p>Describing the diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Galen use to write down his medical procedures?

    <p>20 scribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discover?

    <p>One-celled protozoans and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hippocrates teach his students about treating patients?

    <p>To treat everyone the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of medicine?

    <p>Diagnosing and treating diseases with drugs without surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the pre-scientific era, what was believed to be the cause of illness?

    <p>Demonic possessions and punishment for sin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the methods used for healing or treatment in the pre-scientific era?

    <p>Chants and trephination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of trephination?

    <p>To allow the evil spirits causing disease to leave the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the 'God of Medicine'?

    <p>Imhotep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with attempting to separate the practice of medicine from religion and superstition?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of time known as when there were accounts of illness and its effects on the body and mind?

    <p>Pre-scientific era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the Greek father of medicine?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History of Medicine and Medical Nursing

    • Medicine is the art and science of diagnosing and treating diseases with drugs without surgical intervention.

    Development of Medicine

    • Pre-Scientific Era:
      • Beliefs about illness were influenced by culture and scientific thought of the time
      • Causes of disease were attributed to demonic possessions, punishment for sin, and evil spirits
      • Healing methods included chants, trephining (cutting holes in the skull), and concoctions

    Men of Medicine

    • Imhotep (2900 BC):
      • Known as the "God of Medicine"
      • Began using simple surgery instead of magic
      • Described diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases
    • Hippocrates (460 BC):
      • Known as the "Father of Medicine"
      • Attempted to separate medicine from religion and superstition
      • Prescribed a form of aspirin
      • Taught that students should treat everyone equally
    • Galen (2nd century AD):
      • Physician and anatomist
      • Dissected animals in medical research
      • Believed infections were caused by poisonous gases
      • Described wounds as "windows to the body"
    • William Harvey (1578-1657):
      • Discovered the circulation of blood
      • Dissected his own deceased family members
    • Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723):
      • Used powerful microscopes to discover one-celled organisms and bacteria

    Scientific Era

    • Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory:
      • Diseases are caused by germs or microorganisms
      • Helped reduce mortality rates due to infections
    • Biomedical Model:
      • Explains diseases as malfunctioning of organs and cells
      • Criticized for not considering environmental factors
    • Multicausal Theories:
      • Developed in stages, including homeostasis and fight-or-flight responses
      • Explain the causes of diseases as interacting factors
    • Homeostasis:
      • Developed by Claude Bernard
      • Internal environment of the body must be maintained in a constant state despite external variations

    Modern Medicine in Ghana

    • Started with European colonization in the 19th century
    • In 1844, hospitals and clinics were established, and European doctors were brought in
    • In 1879, there were 28 doctors, including one Ghanaian, Dr. Quartey Papafio
    • In 1963, the first batch of Ghanaian doctors qualified from the University of Ghana Medical School

    Types of Agents

    • Biological Agents:
      • Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi)
    • Physical Agents:
      • Non-living things that impact health (water, food, air, climate)
    • Chemical Agents:
      • Acids, toxic gases
    • Other Agents:
      • Ageing, neoplasms, allergies, emotions, nutritional factors, socio-cultural, socio-economic factors

    Transmission of Disease

    • Biological agents require a suitable environment to grow and multiply
    • A natural balance exists between the agent, host, and environment
    • All three factors influence each other

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    Description

    Learn about the history of medicine and medical nursing, including the definition of medicine, its development, and the early stages of medical nursing.

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