NURS 120 Assessment 5: Cardiovascular System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of atrial fibrillation?

Shortness of breath

Chest pain

Asymptomatic (correct)

Palpitations

What is the main reason for prescribing anticoagulants to patients with atrial fibrillation?

To treat heart disease

To prevent stroke (correct)

To treat hypertension

To prevent heart failure

What is a characteristic of an electrocardiogram (ECG) in atrial fibrillation?

Presence of a QRS complex

Presence of a P-wave

Absence of a T-wave

Absence of a P-wave (correct)

Which of the following is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation?

Open heart surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which atrial fibrillation affects the heart?

Atrial quivering and fluttering, causing ineffective contractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern in patients with atrial fibrillation?

Stroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of oxygen therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation?

To increase oxygen saturation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications may be prescribed to treat atrial fibrillation?

Beta blockers Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

SBP + 2(DBP)/3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the valve that unoxygenated blood travels through to enter the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle with each beat?

Stroke volume (SV) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of getting oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body?

To supply oxygen to the brain, tissues, and organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the pressure ventricles must work against to pump blood out of the heart?

Afterload Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of blood that returns to the ventricles at the end of diastole?

End-diastolic volume (EDV) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the pathway of unoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs?

Pulmonary circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for high blood pressure without an identified cause?

Primary hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, which can contribute to hypertension?

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of blood that flows through the body per minute?

Cardiac output (CO) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Myocardial Infarction?

Abrupt stoppage of blood flow through the coronary artery due to platelet aggregation Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between STEMI and NSTEMI?

STEMI is an occlusive thrombus, while NSTEMI is a non-occlusive thrombus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for STEMI?

To restore blood flow to the affected area within 90 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ST elevation in EKG?

It indicates a fatal condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cardiac biomarkers in diagnosing MI?

They are used to monitor treatment response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for obtaining vitals in a patient with MI?

To identify pericardial friction rub Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment goal for NSTEMI?

To perform cardiac catheterization within 48-72 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of catecholamine release in MI?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the contraindication for thrombolytics in NSTEMI?

Allergy to the contrast dye Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended physical activity level for a patient after MI?

30 minutes of brisk walking, 5 days a week Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System Overview

Cardiac output (CO) = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = SBP + 2(DBP)/3; > 70 indicates adequate perfusion
Systole: amount of blood that returns to ventricles at the end of diastole
Afterload: blood that the left ventricle pumps to pump to the body

Blood Flow Through the Body/Heart

Unoxygenated blood travels:
- Superior and inferior vena cava → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary artery → Lungs
Oxygenated blood travels:
- Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Bicuspid valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta

Key Concepts

Blood enters the tricuspid valve first: "try before you buy!"
Blood enters the atrium before the ventricles: A comes before V
Blood pressure = CO x SVR (systemic vascular resistance)
Cardiac output: amount of blood ventricles push out of the heart per minute
SV: amount of blood pumped by a ventricle with each beat
- Preload: amount the ventricles stretch at the end of diastole
- Increase preload: increase SV, CO, for hypovolemic shock or fluid deficiency
- Decrease preload: for fluid overload, use diuretics
Afterload: pressure ventricles must work against to open semilunar valves to pump blood out of the heart
- Increase afterload: vasoconstriction
- Decrease afterload: vasodilation

Hypertension (HTN)

Pathophysiology:
- BP increases with the rise of blood volume (BV), CO, and SVR
- Affected organs: cardiovascular (CHF), brain (stroke), kidneys (renal failure), eyes (retina changes)
Risk factors:
- Race (black males)
- Increase Na+ and ETOH intake
- Smoking/Stress
- Low K+ and Vit D intake
- Family hx
- Advanced age
- Cholesterol high
- Too much caffeine
- Obese
- Restricting activity
- Sleep apnea
Primary HTN: elevated BP without identified cause
Secondary HTN: elevated BP with identified cause that can be corrected

Atrial Fibrillation

Pathophysiology:
- Low O2! Atria quivers and flutters, too weak to send enough blood into ventricles
- Can cause stroke (reason for anticoagulant)
- P-wave is missing
Risk factors/Etiology:
- Causes: open heart surgery, COPD, HF, HTN, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, ETOH abuse, illicit drug use, electrolyte problems, excessive caffeine use, too much stress
Treatment:
- O2
- Meds: beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs (sartans), Ca channel blockers
- Cardiac catheterization: can identify CAD (for increased angina s/s)

Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI & STEMI)

Pathophysiology:
- MI occurs due to abrupt stoppage of blood flow through coronary artery with thrombus caused by platelet aggregation
- STEMI: occlusive thrombus
  - ST elevation in EKG = FATAL!
  - Emergent tx within 90 mins
  - Cardiac cath or thrombolytics
- NSTEMI: nonocclusive thrombus
  - Tx cardiac cath within 48-72 hrs
  - No thrombolytics for NSTEMI
Symptoms:
- Chest pain
- Diaphoresis
- Increased HR and BP
- Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
Treatment:
- Cardiac catheterization
- Thrombolytics
- Emergent tx within 90 mins (STEMI)

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of the cardiovascular system, including cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and diagnostic tests and procedures. It's an assessment for NURS 120 students.