NURS 1110: Biochemistry Lecture 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the S phase in the cell cycle?

  • Chromatin condensation
  • Enzyme and chemical synthesis
  • DNA replication (correct)
  • Organelles replicate

    • What occurs during the metaphase stage of mitosis?

  • Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell (correct)
  • Chromatin condenses and becomes visible
  • Nuclear membrane reforms
  • Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus

    • What is the result of centromere degradation during anaphase?

  • Chromatin condenses and becomes visible
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Chromosomes align at the equator of the cell
  • Freed chromatids are pulled by spindle fibers to opposite poles (correct)

    • What is the primary function of telophase in the cell cycle?

    <p>Chromosomes cluster at opposite poles and begin de-condensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?

    <p>Cleavage constriction extends to split cells into two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?

    <p>Organelles replicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during prophase in the cell cycle?

    <p>Chromatin condenses and becomes visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the majority of a cell's life spent in?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Prader-Willi Syndrome, what is the primary genetic defect?

    <p>Chromosome 15q deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Ivermectin action?

    <p>Disruption of neurotransmission in parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Cystic Fibrosis, what is the primary defect?

    <p>Mutations in the CFTR gene leading to defective ion transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Arsenic toxicity?

    <p>Interference with enzyme function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Alzheimer's Disease, what is the primary pathological feature?

    <p>Deposition of amyloid beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Huntington's Disease, what is the primary genetic defect?

    <p>CAG repeat expansion leading to protein aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of Paraquat toxicity?

    <p>Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Wilson's Disease, what is the primary defect?

    <p>Mutations in the ATP7B gene leading to copper metabolism defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

    <p>To ensure that the cell cycle occurs accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of G1/S checkpoint in the cell cycle?

    <p>To allow the cell to enter the S phase only if conditions are favorable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>The number of cell divisions that occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of crossing over during meiosis?

    <p>Increased genetic variability among gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of DNA replication in terms of the number of DNA strands?

    <p>Two new double-stranded DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of DNA replication?

    <p>5’ to 3’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell?

    <p>It determines the genetic information that can be passed on to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the random alignment of homologous pairs during meiosis?

    <p>Increased genetic variability among gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the primase enzyme in DNA replication?

    <p>To attach primers to the template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the beta clamps in DNA replication?

    <p>To hold the DNA polymerase in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the telomeres during DNA replication?

    <p>They become shorter and more unstable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the promoter sequence in gene expression?

    <p>To initiate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the TATA box in transcription?

    <p>It is the binding site for RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of shortened telomeres in DNA replication?

    <p>Unstable DNA with signs of aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DNA ligase enzyme in DNA replication?

    <p>To bond the Okazaki fragments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of 3 bases in mRNA that corresponds to one of the 20 amino acids?

    <p>Codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • NURS 1110: Biochemistry, Lecture 2 - Cell Function DNA/RNA
    • Instructor: Andrew S. Dhanoo, BSc., RPT, PhD. (candidate)
    • Contact information: [email protected]
    • Textbook: Handbook of Applied Biochemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics for Nursing and Allied Health Students by Shivananda Nayak B

    Course Outline

    • Credits: 3
    • Class schedule: Friday, 8 am - 12 noon (ZOOM)
    • Course delivery: Lectures, with in-class demonstrations
    • Course assessment:
      • In-course exams: 25%
      • Group project: 15%
      • Final exam: 60%

    Group Project

    • Submissions:
      • Project outline (3%): 1 page with title, introduction, body, and conclusion (week 6)
      • 3MT style video (6%): 3-minute video presentation (week 11)
      • Academic poster (6%): 750-1000 words (week 12)
      • Participation: out of 10 and multiplied by group mark
    • Group formation: 5-6 members
    • Recommendations:
      • Meet weekly
      • Form an online network for easy communication (e.g., WhatsApp group)
      • Assign roles to each member
      • Assign deadlines

    Group Project Topics

      1. Diabetes Mellitus: How does double diabetes develop?
      1. Prader Willi Syndrome: Genetic imprinting and chromosome 15q deletion
      1. Breast Cancer: BRCA gene mutation
      1. HIV Infection: Mechanism of viral entry, reverse transcription, and replication
      1. Cushing Disease: Cortisol, adrenal tumors, and hormone regulation
      1. Graves' Disease: Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and hormone production
      1. Klinefelter's Syndrome: XXY karyotype, hormones, and development
      1. Galactosemia: Galactose metabolism, enzyme defects, and toxicity
      1. Wilson's Disease: Copper metabolism and ATP7B gene mutations
      1. COVID-19 Cytokine Storm: Cytokines, inflammation, and severe COVID-19 cases
      1. Arsenic Poisoning: Mechanisms of arsenic toxicity and enzyme interference
      1. Paraquat Toxicity in Humans: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage
      1. Parkinson's Disease: Alpha-synuclein, dopamine, and mitochondrial dysfunction
      1. Ivermectin Action: Neurotransmission in parasites and anti-parasitic use
      1. Alzheimer's Disease: Amyloid beta and tau protein pathology
      1. Sickle Cell Anemia: Hemoglobin structure and function
      1. Huntington's Disease: CAG repeat expansion and protein aggregation
      1. Multiple Sclerosis: Autoimmune attack on myelin
      1. Cystic Fibrosis: CFTR gene mutations and ion transport
      1. Hemochromatosis: Iron overload and HFE gene mutations
      1. G6PD Deficiency: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme and red blood cell breakdown
      1. Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency: Biochemistry of phenylalanine metabolism
      1. Tay-Sachs Disease: Hexosaminidase A deficiency and ganglioside accumulation
      1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Protein misfolding and aggregation
      1. Hemophilia: Blood clotting and deficiency of clotting factors and genetic basis

    Cell Function

    • Functional features:
      • Cell development
      • DNA and RNA replication, repair, and translation
      • Transport mechanisms
      • Delivery and removal of substances
      • Respiration

    Cell Development

    • Mitosis: somatic cell division, cell growth, and reproduction
    • Meiosis: gametic cell division, reduction in chromosome number, and genetic variation

    Cell Cycle

    • Interphase: G1, S, and G2 phases
    • Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
    • Regulation: checkpoints to ensure accurate cell division

    Mitosis

    • Prophase: chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form, and nuclear membrane breaks down
    • Metaphase: chromosomes align at the equator
    • Anaphase: chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles
    • Telophase: chromosomes relax, and nuclear envelopes reform
    • Cytokinesis: cell division and cytoplasm distribution

    Meiosis

    • Two rounds of cell division to produce four haploid cells
    • Differences between mitosis and meiosis:
      • Number of cell divisions
      • Number of daughter cells
      • Chromosome number
      • Cell type
      • Pairing and crossing over
    • Sources of genetic variability:
      • Homologous pairing and crossing over
      • Random alignment of homologous pairs
      • Random sorting of chromosomes into daughter cells

    DNA Replication

    • Key points:
      • Semi-conservative replication
      • DNA replication occurs in 5' to 3' direction
      • Replication begins at the origin of replication
      • Primers are added to template strands
      • Leading strand synthesis is continuous, while lagging strand synthesis is discontinuous
    • Enzymes and proteins involved:
      • Helicase: separates double helix strands
      • Single-stranded binding proteins: stabilize new single strands
      • DNA gyrase: prevents supercoiling
      • DNA polymerase: attaches new nucleotides
      • Beta clamps: hold DNA polymerase in place
      • Primase: attaches primers
      • DNA ligase: ensures fragments are bonded

    Protein Synthesis

    • Key points:
      • Transcription: DNA is copied into RNA
      • Translation: mRNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce a polypeptide
      • Gene: area of DNA that codes for a protein
      • Locus: specific location of a gene in the DNA
      • Promoter sequence: the start of a gene where transcription begins
      • Termination sequence: the end of a gene where transcription finishes
      • Codon: sequence of 3 bases in mRNA that corresponds to one amino acid
    • Transcription:
      • Initiation: gene switched on, RNA polymerase attaches at the promoter region
      • Elongation: free bases are added to form mRNA, complementary to the DNA bases

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    NURS1110- Lecture 2 2023.pptx

    Description

    This quiz assesses understanding of cell function, DNA, and RNA in the context of biochemistry. It is based on Lecture 2 of the NURS 1110 course at the University of the West Indies.

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