Number Systems and Binary Conversion

Number Systems

• Binary uses 0 and 1.
• Octal uses 0-7.
• Decimal uses 0-9.
• Hexadecimal uses 0-9 and A-F.
• Conversions exist between binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal.

Binary Conversion

• Binary to decimal: Calculate the sum of powers of 2 based on the positions of 1s.
• Decimal to binary: Repeatedly divide by 2, recording remainders.
• Binary to hexadecimal: Group binary digits into sets of 4, convert each set to its hexadecimal equivalent.
• Hexadecimal to binary: Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent.

Binary Representations

• Unsigned binary represents positive values.
• Signed binary uses different representations (e.g., two's complement) to indicate positive and negative numbers.

ASCII and UTF

• ASCII: A character encoding standard using 7 bits to represent characters.
• UTF (Unicode): A character encoding standard supporting a wider range of characters than ASCII (using more bits).

Computer Definition

• A computer is a programmable machine capable of storing, retrieving, and processing data.

Computer History

• Computer evolution is discussed, but specific details are omitted.

Key Computer Terms

• Terms related to computers but specifics are not detailed.

Computer Architecture

• Computer architecture details are lacking

Hardware and Software

• Hardware is the physical components of a computer.
• Software is the set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.

Programming Languages

• Programming languages are ways to give instructions to a computer.

Compilers and Interpreters

• Compilers translate code into machine language at once.
• Interpreters translate code line by line.