Number Sense: Core Knowledge Perspective Case Study
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Questions and Answers

What theory suggests that infants are born with innate knowledge systems?

  • Core Knowledge Perspective (correct)
  • Information Processing Theory
  • Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
  • Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

    • Which concept refers to the ability to intuitively perceive numerical differences without using symbols?

  • Numerical Change Detection
  • Ordinal Sense
  • Symbolic Comparison
  • Nonsymbolic Comparison (correct)

    • What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where easier numerical ratios are processed more quickly than harder ratios?

  • Numerical Preference Effect
  • Ratio Effect (correct)
  • Magnitude Ratio Bias
  • Ratio Anomaly

    • Which brain region is specifically mentioned as being recruited early in human development for number processing?

    <p>Parietal Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What study method reveals the involvement of the right IPS in preverbal number processing?

    <p>fNIRS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive ability is foundational for higher-level math skills?

    <p>Numerical Magnitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue with correlation studies, as discussed in the text?

    <p>They cannot infer causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the approximate arithmetic training in elementary schools not lead to improved math scores?

    <p>The training did not target symbolic arithmetic skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do correlation studies face the Third Variable Problem?

    <p>They cannot account for other influencing factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the nonsymbolic arithmetic training in improving performance on symbolic arithmetic?

    <p>There was no improvement in symbolic arithmetic skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to establish a causal relationship between intuitive number sense and math based on correlation studies?

    <p>Number tasks may not accurately represent math proficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor that hindered the effectiveness of approximate arithmetic training in children?

    <p>Failure to target symbolic arithmetic skills in the training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spearman's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is divided into multiple independent abilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Garner's Multiple Intelligences theory suggests that there are eight distinct types of intelligence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Horn and Cattell, fluid intelligence is the knowledge base acquired through experience.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thurstone's theory of intelligence suggests that there are several mental abilities that are interdependent in making up intelligence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence proposes that intelligence allows individuals to adapt only to a specific context.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence includes the concept of General Intelligence (g factor).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT test) measures only analytical intelligence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Working memory and visuo-spatial short term memory are not associated with IQ according to information processing theory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) is designed for individuals aged 2 to 6 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IQ score represents how well a person does compared to a small group of people of different ages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Matrix Reasoning from WPPSI assesses verbal reasoning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptive Vocabulary from WPPSI assesses vocabulary skills in children.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does IQ show stability, according to the text?

    <p>Starting at age 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III primarily function as?

    <p>A screening tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does infant performance on intelligence tests relate to their performance in childhood according to the text?

    <p>It has no relation to later intelligence test performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor influencing infant performance on intelligence tests?

    <p>Arousal and motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test?

    <p>Assesses analytical, creative, and practical intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Seattle Longitudinal Study reveal about the development of intelligence in adulthood?

    <p>Fluid intelligence decreases earlier than crystallized intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural influences impact IQ test performance according to the text?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to reduce cultural bias in IQ tests?

    <p>Including questions familiar to people from all backgrounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does socioeconomic status relate to IQ scores according to the text?

    <p>Higher socioeconomic status leads to higher IQ scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the biological slowing of the central nervous system according to the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

    <p>Frontal lobe functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Flynn effect related to in terms of intelligence testing?

    <p>Increases in average IQ scores over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of neurodiversity emphasizes that children with disabilities are inferior to their typically developing peers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurodevelopmental disorders only result in impairments in academic functioning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DSM-V defines neurodevelopmental disorders as having an onset in the developmental period and resulting in impairment in everyday functioning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Seattle Longitudinal Study revealed that the development of intelligence in adulthood is static and unchanging.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Garner's Multiple Intelligences theory suggests that there are three distinct types of intelligence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by social and communication deficits, often accompanied by restrictive and repetitive behaviors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is primarily associated with a single core symptom: hyperactivity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intellectual Disability is defined by having an IQ below 90.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giftedness is traditionally defined solely by IQ scores of 120 or greater.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Creativity in gifted individuals is assessed by their ability to generate multiple usual possibilities when faced with a problem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giftedness needs to be developed and nurtured, as these individuals do not inherently possess exceptional talents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is diagnosed based on a measurable difference between aptitude and achievement in a particular academic area.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children with Intellectual Disabilities (IQ score < 70) can be diagnosed with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dyslexia is characterized by severe difficulties in learning to write words.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dyscalculia has a prevalence rate of 5-15% in school-aged children according to the content.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM, APA, 2013) requires academic difficulties to be present for at least 3 months before diagnosing a Specific Learning Disorder (SLD).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dyslexia is stated to have a high co-occurrence with specific language impairments in the text.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children diagnosed with dyscalculia also have dyslexia, according to the text?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many children diagnosed with dyscalculia have language disability, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of education promotes a sense of belonging for all learners?

    <p>Inclusive Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'heterogeneity within disorders' mean in the context of learning differences?

    <p>Disorders vary greatly in their presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of learning differences, as discussed in the text?

    <p>They often co-occur with other disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Babbling typically begins around 3 months of age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptive language in infants exceeds productive language in the early stages of development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bayley Scales of Infant Development III primarily assesses fine motor skills in infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants show an increase in sucking when they detect differences in sounds of their maternal language.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Habituation refers to the decrease in sucking rate when infants get used to repeating sounds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cooing, the deliberate production of vowel sounds, typically occurs between 2 to 3 years of age in infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phonology involves understanding the meaning or content of words and sentences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morphology is the component of language that deals with how sounds can be combined to form words.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semantics focuses on the structure of sentences within a language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syntax is about how to use language effectively for communication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pragmatics involves understanding how to communicate effectively using language.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants are born with an innate knowledge system, according to the text.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Holophrases are one-word expressions that infants use to communicate complete thoughts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baby Sign Language can accelerate speech and language development in infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Telegraphic Speech includes lengthy, detailed sentences similar to those in a telegram.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Competence in using syntax emerges in children around 20-30 months of age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The awareness of the communicative purpose of speech emerges around 2.5 years of age in children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times?

    <p>Fast Mapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language development milestone involves applying a word too broadly?

    <p>Underextension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of errors occur in language development when grammatical rules are applied too stringently?

    <p>Overregularization Errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of language development involves combining words into sentences in sophisticated ways?

    <p>Syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of rapid vocabulary learning that typically occurs between 16 and 24 months called?

    <p>Vocabulary Spurt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of language error involves applying a word more narrowly than it is usually applied?

    <p>Underextension Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of the Nativist Theory of language development?

    <p>The human brain has an innate capacity for language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Infant-Directed Speech (Motherese) differ from adult speech?

    <p>It has specific sound characteristics and simpler grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of households with low SES in relation to language development?

    <p>Less exposure to speech and greater household instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory posits that both maturation and contextual influences shape language comprehension and expression?

    <p>Interactionist Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept does the Universal Grammar in the Nativist Theory refer to?

    <p>Innate storehouse of rules that apply to all human languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) facilitate in infants according to the Nativist Theory?

    <p>Rapid analysis and comprehension of everyday speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low socioeconomic status (SES) is positively correlated with better language development in children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simultaneous Bilingualism involves exposure to one language from birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilingualism is associated with limited cognitive skills such as memory and analytical reasoning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is characterized by early onset of speech and advanced grammatical skills.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conversational turn-taking has no impact on language related brain function according to Romeo et al., 2018.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Child interactions with parents do not influence brain development according to Romeo et al., 2018.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do infants typically begin displaying self-conscious emotions like empathy and pride?

    <p>Around 15–18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to control one's emotions?

    <p>Emotion Regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a basic emotion displayed by infants between 2 and 7 months?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of smile do infants exhibit in response to seeing familiar people?

    <p>Social Smile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do reciprocal interactions between mothers and infants affect maternal depression according to the text?

    <p>Exacerbate maternal depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do self-conscious emotions like shame and guilt typically begin to emerge?

    <p>Around 15–18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social referencing in infants?

    <p>Looking to caregivers for emotional cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do emotional display rules impact emotional expressions in children?

    <p>They restrict the display of emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the variations in stranger wariness in infants?

    <p>Temperament, past experiences, and situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does face-to-face play contribute to emotional development in infants?

    <p>It fosters emotional regulation and management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key challenge associated with social referencing when mothers experience postpartum depression?

    <p>Difficulty interpreting ambiguous events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do contextual influences impact emotional development in infants?

    <p>They shape emotional development along with maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants display Separation Anxiety during the stage of Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bowlby's Ethological Perspective, Secure Base provides a foundation for infants to return to when happy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crying, smiling, cooing, and clinging are examples of Signaling behaviors aimed at bringing infants into contact with caregivers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stage of Discriminating Sociability occurs from birth to 2 months of age according to Bowlby's Ethological Perspective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reciprocal Relationships stage in attachment formation lasts from 7-24 months and onward.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal Working Model includes expectations about one's worthiness of love and how attachment figures will be treated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants typically begin displaying self-conscious emotions like empathy and pride around 18 months of age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children who coo between 2 to 3 years of age are displaying language development milestones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parental stress and frustration do not impact child adjustment according to contextual risk factors discussed in the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neighborhood and community violence are linked with protective factors that reduce the effects of violence exposure on children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resilience refers to the inability to respond or perform positively in the face of adversity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exposure to community violence has no impact on children's sense of safety.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants' negative reactions are not influenced by maternal depressive symptoms according to Roben et al., 2015.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emotion regulation in childhood is influenced by advances in cognitive development and language development, but not theory of mind.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resilience involves achieving below expectations given poor home, school, and community circumstances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reciprocal relationships between maternal depression and infants' negative reactions were not studied by Roben et al. in 2015.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome associated with secure attachments during middle childhood and adolescence?

    <p>Greater emotion regulation skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is associated with infants that exhibit avoidant adult attachments?

    <p>Difficulty trusting others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of anxious adult attachments?

    <p>Difficulty seeking closeness in relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does childhood attachment relate to internal working models in early adulthood?

    <p>It influences internal working models and relationship quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of adult attachment, what is the defining feature of a disorganized attachment?

    <p>Conflicted behaviors towards attachment figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a structured observational procedure that reveals the security of attachment when infants are placed under stress?

    <p>Strange Situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of attachment formation do infants typically display separation anxiety when separated from their primary caregiver?

    <p>Attachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attachment is characterized by inconsistent and contradictory behavior towards the primary caregiver?

    <p>Insecure Disorganized Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological term describes a caregiver's ability to consistently and sensitively respond to a child's signals?

    <p>Maternal Sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Bowlby's stages of attachment formation?

    <p>Limited Social Engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a set of expectations about one's worthiness of love, the availability of attachment figures during distress, and how one will be treated?

    <p>Internal Working Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In adult attachment theory, there are six types of attachments based on anxiety and avoidance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empirical articles in psychology typically include sections like Introduction, Experiment, and Discussion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A multi-experiment paper in psychology is very rare and uncommon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reciprocal Relationships stage in attachment formation occurs from birth to 7 months of age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bayley Scales of Infant Development III primarily assess gross motor skills in infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximate arithmetic training in elementary schools has consistently led to improved math scores among children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reading a journal article linearly is highly effective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary question of a journal article is usually found in the main introduction or under the 'The present study' sub-heading.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonlinear reading of a paper involves dissecting it in one step to fully comprehend the content.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thurstone's theory of intelligence states that there are several mental abilities that are independent of each other.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syntax primarily focuses on the meaning of words within a language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bayley Scales of Infant Development III primarily assesses gross motor skills in infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Pre-conventional Reasoning according to Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Perspective?

    <p>Concern with punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Conventional Reasoning, what motivates individuals to uphold rules according to Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Perspective?

    <p>Maintaining social order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of moral reasoning does Kohlberg propose that individuals value abstract ethical principles over societal laws?

    <p>Stage 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of Prosocial Behavior as defined in the text?

    <p>Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants demonstrate understanding of prosocial behavior in studies by Hamlin et al. (2007)?

    <p>Choosing the neutral character over the helper character</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing factor of Post-conventional Reasoning in Kohlberg's theory compared to Conventional Reasoning?

    <p>Value of abstract ethical principles over societal laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Heteronomous Morality according to Piaget?

    <p>Rules set by authority figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Perspective, what is the focus of his study on moral reasoning?

    <p>Moral issues involving justice, fairness, and rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is central to the Heinz dilemma presented by Kohlberg?

    <p>Respect for property rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between Autonomous Morality and Heteronomous Morality?

    <p>View of fairness and equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's theory, what does Violation of rules merit under Heteronomous Morality?

    <p>Punishment regardless of intent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning theory, what drives Heinz to steal the drug?

    <p>Desperation to save his wife's life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boys outperformed girls in mathematics in all 65 countries in 2009.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average gender gap in math was 12 score points in 2018.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    STEM median income is higher for females compared to males.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gender stereotypes in STEM fields often overestimate girls' math abilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Male-dominated cultures in STEM perpetuate inclusive and diverse environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a significant gender gap in STEM occupations that has remained constant over the years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls are more likely to excel in spatial reasoning tasks than boys according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are no significant gender differences in general intelligence according to the text.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls consistently outperform boys in mental rotation tasks according to the findings in psychology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boys are more likely to recognize a stimulus that is rotated in space during infancy compared to girls.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls score higher on measures of reading comprehension and verbal fluency in adulthood compared to boys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are significant gender differences in general intelligence across all ages according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Girls consistently outperform boys in reading in every PISA country.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gender gap in reading performance has decreased from 2009 to 2018 according to PISA data.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boys outperform girls in reading at the lowest proficiency levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gender gap in math performance is wider than in reading performance according to international assessments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In STEM disciplines, there is no significant gender gap in occupational choices.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognition differences between genders do not have any biological explanations according to the lecture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a predictor of STEM avoidance and underperformance throughout university?

    <p>Math Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a control variable for predicting STEM occupations?

    <p>Cognitive-Emotional Behavioural Battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is challenging to study due to its unwieldy information space?

    <p>Knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Sokolowski et al., what is a common emotional predictor of academic success?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of reasoning is associated with the involvement of the right IPS in preverbal number processing?

    <p>Spatial Reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT predict academic success in the mathematical domain according to the text?

    <p>Neural Connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of female teachers' math anxiety on girls' math achievement?

    <p>It negatively affects girls' math achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sokolowski et al.'s study, which factor is NOT significant in explaining sex differences in math anxiety?

    <p>Math Ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key focus of the study conducted by Sokolowski et al. in 2019 regarding math anxiety?

    <p>Exploration of sex differences in math anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of fewer female role models impact girls' perception of STEM subjects?

    <p>It contributes to girls' avoidance of STEM subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Beilock et al. suggest about the relationship between female teachers' math anxiety and students' math achievement?

    <p>It negatively impacts students' math achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of math anxiety, what did the study by Sokolowski et al. find to be a significant predictor of sex differences?

    <p>Perceived Spatial Ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why STEM fields are often viewed as masculine according to the text?

    <p>Gender stereotypes that associate masculinity with math and science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the perpetuation of male-dominated cultures in STEM fields?

    <p>Exclusionary practices in male-dominated cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of STEM occupation gender gaps, what is a common misconception that teachers and parents may have?

    <p>Underestimating girls' math abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of the perception that STEM fields are masculine, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Perpetuation of exclusionary male-dominated cultures in STEM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gender stereotypes impact girls' participation in STEM according to the text?

    <p>By underestimating girls' math abilities and discouraging their interest in STEM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge faced by girls due to gender stereotypes in STEM fields?

    <p>Higher levels of math anxiety compared to boys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Individuals with Learning Differences

    • No single "cause" for Specific Learning Disorders (SLD)
    • Different profiles of strengths and weaknesses can lead to same behavioral difficulties
    • High comorbidity with other SLD: e.g., 25% of children with dyscalculia also have language disability, 18% have ADHD, and 70% have dyslexia (McGrath et al., 2020)

    Teaching Children with Learning Differences

    • Special Education: range of services to help children with disabilities learn
    • Inclusive Education: promoting a sense of belonging for all learners

    Studying Infant Language Development

    • Non-nutritive sucking method: measuring habituation and dishabituation responses to sounds
    • Infants can detect differences in sounds and show habituation (DeCasper et al.)
    • Newborn babies can distinguish between their maternal language and non-native language (Mehler, 1980s)

    Language Development Milestones

    • Cooing (2-3 months): making deliberate vowel sounds
    • Babbling (6 months): repeating strings of consonants and vowels, becoming more similar to native language over time
    • Understanding and producing words (12-18 months): pointing and naming objects, identifying simple body parts
    • First words appear around 1 year of age, with receptive language exceeding productive language

    Foundations of Language

    • Five basic components of language:
      1. Phonology: knowledge of sounds used in a language
      2. Morphology: understanding how sounds combine to form words
      3. Semantics: meaning or content of words and sentences
      4. Syntax: knowledge of sentence structure rules
      5. Pragmatics: understanding how to use language to communicate effectively

    Infant Language Learning

    • Holophrases: one-word expressions to express complete thoughts
    • Baby sign language: using gestures to communicate around 8 months of age
    • Non-nutritive sucking paradigm: studying language processing in infants

    Theories of Language Development

    • Learning Theory: language learned through operant conditioning and imitation
    • Nativist Theory: innate capacity to learn language, with Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and Universal Grammar
    • Interactionist Theory: language influenced by maturation and context

    Language Development in School-Age Children

    • Metalinguistic awareness: understanding the nature and qualities of language
    • Vocabulary expansion and greater understanding of word meanings
    • Development of language pragmatics

    Bilingualism and Learning a Second Language

    • Simultaneous bilingualism: exposure to two languages from birth
    • Advantages of bilingualism: cognitive skills, memory, selective attention, and analytical reasoning

    Emotional Development in Infancy

    • Emotional competence: understanding and managing emotions
    • Emotional development influenced by social interaction and emotional understanding

    Reciprocal Relationships between Maternal Depression and Infants' Negative Reactions

    • Maternal depression linked with infant negative reactions and language development
    • Quality of parent-child interactions influence language development and brain function

    Emotional Development in Childhood

    • Emotional understanding: understanding factors that affect emotions
    • Emotion regulation: managing emotional experiences and expressions
    • Contextual influences on emotional development: neighborhood and community violence, parental stress and frustration### Thinking and Knowing
    • There are four types of adult attachments: Secure, Anxious, Avoidant, and Disorganized, which influence parenting behaviors
    • Adult attachment can be influenced by childhood attachment experiences and predicts internal working models and relationship quality in early adulthood

    Empirical Articles

    • Main sections: Introduction, Experiment, Methods, Participants, Materials, Procedure, Results, General Discussion
    • Empirical articles typically have a multi-experiment paper structure
    • Introduction: sets up the research question and provides background information
    • Methods: describes participants, materials, and procedures used in the study
    • Results: presents the findings of the study
    • General Discussion: interprets the results, relates them to previous research, and discusses implications

    Reading a Journal Article

    • Identify the primary question of the article
    • Determine the claim in response to the question
    • Evaluate how the data support the primary claim
    • Read the article non-linearly, focusing on headings, subheadings, and key phrases to identify the main points

    Moral Reasoning

    • Piaget's perspective: children's understanding of rules develops through three stages (heteronomous, transitional, and autonomous morality)
    • Kohlberg's perspective: children's conceptions of justice and moral reasoning develop through six stages, categorized into pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional reasoning
    • Infants display understanding of prosocial behavior, with a preference for helpers over hinderers at six and ten months old

    Cognition

    • Gender differences in cognition:
      • Spatial abilities: males tend to perform better
      • Verbal abilities: females tend to perform better
    • STEM occupations: underrepresentation of women, with various factors contributing to this gap (e.g., stereotype threat, lack of role models)

    Academic and Occupational Development

    • Gender differences in academic achievement:
      • Reading: girls outperform boys
      • Math: boys outperform girls in some countries, but the gap is closing
    • Occupation: fewer women in STEM fields, with potential explanations including gender stereotypes, male-dominated cultures, and math anxiety### Theories of Intelligence
    • There are three forms of intelligence: Analytical, Creative, and Practical
    • Traditional IQ tests measure analytical ability and may underestimate intellectual strengths of some children
    • The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT test) facilitates defining intelligent behavior by culture and context

    Psychometric Approach to Intelligence

    • Binet and Simon developed the first intelligence test in France
    • Terman developed the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale, which measures five cognitive abilities in both non-verbal and verbal formats
      • Knowledge
      • Quantitative reasoning
      • Visual–spatial processing
      • Working memory
      • Fluid reasoning
    • Intelligence quotient (IQ) = mental age/chronological age × 100

    Assessing IQ

    • Wechsler scales of IQ for all ages:
      • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS - IV): ages 16-90:11 years
      • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V): ages: 6-16:11 years
      • Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV): ages 2:6 – 7:7 years
    • Matrix Reasoning from WPPSI assesses fluid reasoning
    • Receptive Vocabulary from WPPSI measures vocabulary skills

    Development of Intelligence

    • IQ shows stability starting at age 4, with large individual differences
    • Intelligence scores are stable from childhood through adolescence
    • Research findings on intelligence change in adulthood are mixed
    • Seattle Longitudinal Study shows fluid intelligence declines earlier than crystallized intelligence

    Cultural Influences on IQ

    • Cultural influences play a significant role in shaping IQ test performance
    • Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in IQ are found, with IQ scores closely linked to education
    • Stereotype threat affects IQ test performance
    • Bias in IQ tests can be reduced by including culturally fair questions and reducing reliance on verbal tasks

    Neurodiversity

    • The concept of neurodiversity emphasizes that variation in neurodevelopment leads to strengths as well as impairments
    • Neurodevelopmental disorders include autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disabilities, and specific learning disorders

    Specific Learning Disorders

    • Characteristics of giftedness include exceptional abilities, creativity, and outstanding performance
    • Giftedness needs to be developed and nurtured through enrichment or acceleration
    • Diagnosis of specific learning disorder (SLD) is based on IQ-Achievement Discrepancy
    • Dyslexia is a severe difficulty in learning to read words, with a prevalence rate of 5-15% in school-aged children
    • Dyscalculia is a learning disorder related to mathematics

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    Description

    Explore Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development, Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, Information Processing Theory, and the Core Knowledge Perspective as an Alternative Theory. Learn about infants' innate knowledge systems and numerical processing skills in this case study.

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