Number Sense: Core Knowledge Perspective Case Study

What theory suggests that infants are born with innate knowledge systems?

Which concept refers to the ability to intuitively perceive numerical differences without using symbols?

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where easier numerical ratios are processed more quickly than harder ratios?

Which brain region is specifically mentioned as being recruited early in human development for number processing?

What study method reveals the involvement of the right IPS in preverbal number processing?

Which cognitive ability is foundational for higher-level math skills?

What is a potential issue with correlation studies, as discussed in the text?

Why did the approximate arithmetic training in elementary schools not lead to improved math scores?

Why do correlation studies face the Third Variable Problem?

What was the outcome of the nonsymbolic arithmetic training in improving performance on symbolic arithmetic?

Why is it difficult to establish a causal relationship between intuitive number sense and math based on correlation studies?

What was a key factor that hindered the effectiveness of approximate arithmetic training in children?

Spearman's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is divided into multiple independent abilities.

Garner's Multiple Intelligences theory suggests that there are eight distinct types of intelligence.

According to Horn and Cattell, fluid intelligence is the knowledge base acquired through experience.

Thurstone's theory of intelligence suggests that there are several mental abilities that are interdependent in making up intelligence.

The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence proposes that intelligence allows individuals to adapt only to a specific context.

Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence includes the concept of General Intelligence (g factor).

The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT test) measures only analytical intelligence.

Working memory and visuo-spatial short term memory are not associated with IQ according to information processing theory.

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) is designed for individuals aged 2 to 6 years.

The IQ score represents how well a person does compared to a small group of people of different ages.

Matrix Reasoning from WPPSI assesses verbal reasoning.

Receptive Vocabulary from WPPSI assesses vocabulary skills in children.

At what age does IQ show stability, according to the text?

What does the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III primarily function as?

How does infant performance on intelligence tests relate to their performance in childhood according to the text?

What is the main factor influencing infant performance on intelligence tests?

What is the key function of the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test?

What does the Seattle Longitudinal Study reveal about the development of intelligence in adulthood?

How do cultural influences impact IQ test performance according to the text?

What is one way to reduce cultural bias in IQ tests?

How does socioeconomic status relate to IQ scores according to the text?

What factor contributes to the biological slowing of the central nervous system according to the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

What is the Flynn effect related to in terms of intelligence testing?

The concept of neurodiversity emphasizes that children with disabilities are inferior to their typically developing peers.

Neurodevelopmental disorders only result in impairments in academic functioning.

The DSM-V defines neurodevelopmental disorders as having an onset in the developmental period and resulting in impairment in everyday functioning.

The Seattle Longitudinal Study revealed that the development of intelligence in adulthood is static and unchanging.

Garner's Multiple Intelligences theory suggests that there are three distinct types of intelligence.

Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by social and communication deficits, often accompanied by restrictive and repetitive behaviors.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is primarily associated with a single core symptom: hyperactivity.

Intellectual Disability is defined by having an IQ below 90.

Giftedness is traditionally defined solely by IQ scores of 120 or greater.

Creativity in gifted individuals is assessed by their ability to generate multiple usual possibilities when faced with a problem.

Giftedness needs to be developed and nurtured, as these individuals do not inherently possess exceptional talents.

Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is diagnosed based on a measurable difference between aptitude and achievement in a particular academic area.

Children with Intellectual Disabilities (IQ score < 70) can be diagnosed with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD).

Dyslexia is characterized by severe difficulties in learning to write words.

Dyscalculia has a prevalence rate of 5-15% in school-aged children according to the content.

Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM, APA, 2013) requires academic difficulties to be present for at least 3 months before diagnosing a Specific Learning Disorder (SLD).

Dyslexia is stated to have a high co-occurrence with specific language impairments in the text.

What percentage of children diagnosed with dyscalculia also have dyslexia, according to the text?

How many children diagnosed with dyscalculia have language disability, as mentioned in the text?

What type of education promotes a sense of belonging for all learners?

What does the term 'heterogeneity within disorders' mean in the context of learning differences?

What is a key characteristic of learning differences, as discussed in the text?

Babbling typically begins around 3 months of age.

Receptive language in infants exceeds productive language in the early stages of development.

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development III primarily assesses fine motor skills in infants.

Infants show an increase in sucking when they detect differences in sounds of their maternal language.

Habituation refers to the decrease in sucking rate when infants get used to repeating sounds.

Cooing, the deliberate production of vowel sounds, typically occurs between 2 to 3 years of age in infants.

Phonology involves understanding the meaning or content of words and sentences.

Morphology is the component of language that deals with how sounds can be combined to form words.

Semantics focuses on the structure of sentences within a language.

Syntax is about how to use language effectively for communication.

Pragmatics involves understanding how to communicate effectively using language.

Infants are born with an innate knowledge system, according to the text.

Holophrases are one-word expressions that infants use to communicate complete thoughts.

Baby Sign Language can accelerate speech and language development in infants.

Telegraphic Speech includes lengthy, detailed sentences similar to those in a telegram.

Competence in using syntax emerges in children around 20-30 months of age.

The awareness of the communicative purpose of speech emerges around 2.5 years of age in children.

What term describes the process of quickly acquiring and retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times?

Which language development milestone involves applying a word too broadly?

What type of errors occur in language development when grammatical rules are applied too stringently?

Which component of language development involves combining words into sentences in sophisticated ways?

What is the period of rapid vocabulary learning that typically occurs between 16 and 24 months called?

Which type of language error involves applying a word more narrowly than it is usually applied?

What is the main premise of the Nativist Theory of language development?

How does Infant-Directed Speech (Motherese) differ from adult speech?

What is a common characteristic of households with low SES in relation to language development?

Which theory posits that both maturation and contextual influences shape language comprehension and expression?

What key concept does the Universal Grammar in the Nativist Theory refer to?

What does the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) facilitate in infants according to the Nativist Theory?

Low socioeconomic status (SES) is positively correlated with better language development in children.

Simultaneous Bilingualism involves exposure to one language from birth.

Bilingualism is associated with limited cognitive skills such as memory and analytical reasoning.

Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is characterized by early onset of speech and advanced grammatical skills.

Conversational turn-taking has no impact on language related brain function according to Romeo et al., 2018.

Child interactions with parents do not influence brain development according to Romeo et al., 2018.

When do infants typically begin displaying self-conscious emotions like empathy and pride?

What is the term for the ability to control one's emotions?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a basic emotion displayed by infants between 2 and 7 months?

What type of smile do infants exhibit in response to seeing familiar people?

How do reciprocal interactions between mothers and infants affect maternal depression according to the text?

At what age do self-conscious emotions like shame and guilt typically begin to emerge?

What is social referencing in infants?

How do emotional display rules impact emotional expressions in children?

What contributes to the variations in stranger wariness in infants?

How does face-to-face play contribute to emotional development in infants?

What is the key challenge associated with social referencing when mothers experience postpartum depression?

How do contextual influences impact emotional development in infants?

Infants display Separation Anxiety during the stage of Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness.

According to Bowlby's Ethological Perspective, Secure Base provides a foundation for infants to return to when happy.

Crying, smiling, cooing, and clinging are examples of Signaling behaviors aimed at bringing infants into contact with caregivers.

The stage of Discriminating Sociability occurs from birth to 2 months of age according to Bowlby's Ethological Perspective.

Reciprocal Relationships stage in attachment formation lasts from 7-24 months and onward.

Internal Working Model includes expectations about one's worthiness of love and how attachment figures will be treated.

Infants typically begin displaying self-conscious emotions like empathy and pride around 18 months of age.

Children who coo between 2 to 3 years of age are displaying language development milestones.

Parental stress and frustration do not impact child adjustment according to contextual risk factors discussed in the text.

Neighborhood and community violence are linked with protective factors that reduce the effects of violence exposure on children.

Resilience refers to the inability to respond or perform positively in the face of adversity.

Exposure to community violence has no impact on children's sense of safety.

Infants' negative reactions are not influenced by maternal depressive symptoms according to Roben et al., 2015.

Emotion regulation in childhood is influenced by advances in cognitive development and language development, but not theory of mind.

Resilience involves achieving below expectations given poor home, school, and community circumstances.

Reciprocal relationships between maternal depression and infants' negative reactions were not studied by Roben et al. in 2015.

What is a key outcome associated with secure attachments during middle childhood and adolescence?

Which behavior is associated with infants that exhibit avoidant adult attachments?

What is a common characteristic of anxious adult attachments?

How does childhood attachment relate to internal working models in early adulthood?

In the context of adult attachment, what is the defining feature of a disorganized attachment?

What is the term used to describe a structured observational procedure that reveals the security of attachment when infants are placed under stress?

During which stage of attachment formation do infants typically display separation anxiety when separated from their primary caregiver?

Which type of attachment is characterized by inconsistent and contradictory behavior towards the primary caregiver?

What psychological term describes a caregiver's ability to consistently and sensitively respond to a child's signals?

Which of the following is NOT one of Bowlby's stages of attachment formation?

What term refers to a set of expectations about one's worthiness of love, the availability of attachment figures during distress, and how one will be treated?

In adult attachment theory, there are six types of attachments based on anxiety and avoidance.

Empirical articles in psychology typically include sections like Introduction, Experiment, and Discussion.

A multi-experiment paper in psychology is very rare and uncommon.

Reciprocal Relationships stage in attachment formation occurs from birth to 7 months of age.

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development III primarily assess gross motor skills in infants.

Approximate arithmetic training in elementary schools has consistently led to improved math scores among children.

Reading a journal article linearly is highly effective.

The primary question of a journal article is usually found in the main introduction or under the 'The present study' sub-heading.

Nonlinear reading of a paper involves dissecting it in one step to fully comprehend the content.

Thurstone's theory of intelligence states that there are several mental abilities that are independent of each other.

Syntax primarily focuses on the meaning of words within a language.

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development III primarily assesses gross motor skills in infants.

What is the main focus of Pre-conventional Reasoning according to Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Perspective?

In Conventional Reasoning, what motivates individuals to uphold rules according to Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Perspective?

At which stage of moral reasoning does Kohlberg propose that individuals value abstract ethical principles over societal laws?

What is the key characteristic of Prosocial Behavior as defined in the text?

How do infants demonstrate understanding of prosocial behavior in studies by Hamlin et al. (2007)?

What is the distinguishing factor of Post-conventional Reasoning in Kohlberg's theory compared to Conventional Reasoning?

What characterizes Heteronomous Morality according to Piaget?

Based on Kohlberg's Cognitive Developmental Perspective, what is the focus of his study on moral reasoning?

What concept is central to the Heinz dilemma presented by Kohlberg?

What is the key difference between Autonomous Morality and Heteronomous Morality?

In Piaget's theory, what does Violation of rules merit under Heteronomous Morality?

According to Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning theory, what drives Heinz to steal the drug?

Boys outperformed girls in mathematics in all 65 countries in 2009.

The average gender gap in math was 12 score points in 2018.

STEM median income is higher for females compared to males.

Gender stereotypes in STEM fields often overestimate girls' math abilities.

Male-dominated cultures in STEM perpetuate inclusive and diverse environments.

There is a significant gender gap in STEM occupations that has remained constant over the years.

Girls are more likely to excel in spatial reasoning tasks than boys according to the text.

There are no significant gender differences in general intelligence according to the text.

Girls consistently outperform boys in mental rotation tasks according to the findings in psychology.

Boys are more likely to recognize a stimulus that is rotated in space during infancy compared to girls.

Girls score higher on measures of reading comprehension and verbal fluency in adulthood compared to boys.

There are significant gender differences in general intelligence across all ages according to the text.

Girls consistently outperform boys in reading in every PISA country.

The gender gap in reading performance has decreased from 2009 to 2018 according to PISA data.

Boys outperform girls in reading at the lowest proficiency levels.

The gender gap in math performance is wider than in reading performance according to international assessments.

In STEM disciplines, there is no significant gender gap in occupational choices.

Cognition differences between genders do not have any biological explanations according to the lecture.

What is a predictor of STEM avoidance and underperformance throughout university?

Which of the following is NOT a control variable for predicting STEM occupations?

What is challenging to study due to its unwieldy information space?

In the study by Sokolowski et al., what is a common emotional predictor of academic success?

What kind of reasoning is associated with the involvement of the right IPS in preverbal number processing?

Which factor does NOT predict academic success in the mathematical domain according to the text?

What is a potential effect of female teachers' math anxiety on girls' math achievement?

According to Sokolowski et al.'s study, which factor is NOT significant in explaining sex differences in math anxiety?

What was a key focus of the study conducted by Sokolowski et al. in 2019 regarding math anxiety?

How does the presence of fewer female role models impact girls' perception of STEM subjects?

What did the study by Beilock et al. suggest about the relationship between female teachers' math anxiety and students' math achievement?

In the context of math anxiety, what did the study by Sokolowski et al. find to be a significant predictor of sex differences?

What is one reason why STEM fields are often viewed as masculine according to the text?

What contributes to the perpetuation of male-dominated cultures in STEM fields?

In the context of STEM occupation gender gaps, what is a common misconception that teachers and parents may have?

What is one consequence of the perception that STEM fields are masculine, as discussed in the text?

How do gender stereotypes impact girls' participation in STEM according to the text?

What is a significant challenge faced by girls due to gender stereotypes in STEM fields?