Nucleotide Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the numbering convention for elements in pyrimidines?

  • 1-6 (correct)
  • 3'-5'
  • 5'-3'
  • 1-9

What is the characteristic of DNA replication?

  • It is conservative
  • It is liberal
  • It is semiconservative (correct)
  • It is random

How is the sugar connected to the nitrogenous base in a nucleic acid?

  • via a peptide bond
  • via position 1' (correct)
  • via a hydrogen bond
  • via position 3'

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

<p>To transcribe DNA into RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

<p>DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond that links the nitrogenous base to the sugar in a nucleic acid?

<p>glycosidic bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of DNA read from?

<p>5' to 3' end of the sense strand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in transcription between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotes have introns, prokaryotes do not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the template strand in DNA?

<p>it directs the synthesis of mRNA via complementary base pairing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA?

<p>Transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between A and T in DNA?

<p>A always matches with T in 2 hydrogen bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which RNA is translated into protein?

<p>Translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of genetic information?

<p>DNA -&gt; RNA -&gt; Protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which DNA is used to synthesize mRNA?

<p>transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nucleotides are there in a codon?

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the 'transforming principle' in genetic materials?

<p>It transforms avirulent strains into virulent strains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the sugar molecules found in DNA and RNA?

<p>DNA has deoxyribose, while RNA has ribose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pyrimidines in nucleic acids?

<p>They have a six-carbon ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of nucleotide monomers in genetic materials?

<p>They form nucleic acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bacterium that causes pneumonia?

<p>Bacterium Pneumococcus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between virulent and avirulent strains?

<p>Virulent strains cause disease, while avirulent strains do not cause disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of nucleotides and the number of possible amino acids?

<p>Three nucleotides code for 64 amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a nonsense mutation?

<p>A change in a coding codon to a termination codon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a bacterium acquires new genetic markers by incorporating added DNA?

<p>Transformation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a frameshift mutation?

<p>The insertion or deletion of a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome?

<p>Transposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a missense mutation?

<p>A change in the codon that results in a change in protein function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a phage transfers a bacterial gene from one bacterium to another?

<p>Transduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the sugar phosphate backbone in DNA?

<p>Phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nucleotides in genetic material?

<p>To combine to form DNA or RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of RNA molecules?

<p>Single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of sugar found in DNA?

<p>Deoxyribose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of genetic material?

<p>To carry genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA?

<p>Double-stranded and helical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of RNA synthesis?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of a nucleotide?

<p>Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nucleotides

The basic building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.

Nucleic Acids

Large biomolecules that carry genetic information. They are composed of nucleotide monomers.

Purines

Double-ringed nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, including adenine and guanine.

Pyrimidines

Single-ringed nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, including cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double-stranded helical molecule that carries genetic information.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis.

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Sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

The backbone of DNA, made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

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Glycosidic Bond

The connection between the sugar and the nitrogenous base in a nucleotide.

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Semiconservative Replication

The principle that each new DNA molecule contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand.

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Base

A nitrogenous base without a sugar or phosphate group (e.g., adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil).

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Nucleoside

A nitrogenous base combined with a sugar (e.g., adenosine, guanosine).

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Nucleotide

A nucleoside with a phosphate group (e.g., adenylic acid, guanylic acid).

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DNA Replication

The process by which DNA is copied to create new DNA molecules.

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5' to 3' Direction of DNA Replication

Reading the DNA sequence from the 5' end to the 3' end of the sense strand.

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Central Dogma

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

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Transcription

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

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Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from an RNA template.

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Reverse Transcription

The process of synthesizing DNA from an RNA template.

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RNA Polymerase (in prokaryotes)

The enzyme that catalyzes transcription in prokaryotic cells.

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RNA Polymerases I, II, and III (in eukaryotes)

The different enzymes that catalyze transcription in eukaryotic cells.

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Introns

Non-coding sequences in eukaryotic genes that are removed during transcription.

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Exons

Regions of a gene that code for proteins.

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Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from an mRNA template.

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Codon

A three-nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid.

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Mutations

Changes in the sequence of DNA.

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Silent Mutation

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein.

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Missense Mutation

A mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of the protein but not its function.

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Nonsense Mutation

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein.

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Transformation

The process of uptake of free DNA from the environment.

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Conjugation

The transfer of genetic material between two bacteria through direct contact.

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Transduction

The transfer of bacterial genes from one to another via a bacteriophage.

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Transposition

The movement of a transposon to a new location in the genome.

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Study Notes

Microbial Genetics

  • Genetic materials are composed of nucleic acids, which are made up of nucleotide monomers.
  • Nucleotides consist of three components: phosphate, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.
  • There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribose) and RNA (ribose).
  • Pyrimidines (e.g., cytosine, thymine) have a six-carbon ring, while purines (e.g., adenine, guanine) have two joined carbon rings with five and six members.

Structure of DNA

  • DNA is a double-stranded, helical molecule with a sugar-phosphate backbone.
  • The sugar is connected to the nitrogenous base via position 1'.
  • The nitrogenous base is linked to position 1' of the sugar by a glycosidic bond from N1 of pyrimidine and N9 of purine.
  • DNA is semiconservative, meaning that a parental strand and a daughter strand are formed in a new molecule.

Base, Nucleoside, and Nucleotide

  • A base is a nitrogenous base (e.g., adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil).
  • A nucleoside is a base combined with a sugar (e.g., adenosine, guanosine).
  • A nucleotide is a nucleoside with a phosphate group (e.g., adenylic acid, guanylic acid).

DNA Replication

  • DNA replication is a semiconservative process, meaning that a parental strand and a daughter strand are formed in a new molecule.
  • The sequence of DNA replication is read from 5' to 3' end of the sense strand.

Central Dogma of Genetic Information

  • The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
  • Transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA, while translation involves the synthesis of proteins from RNA.
  • Reverse transcription involves the synthesis of DNA from RNA.

Transcription

  • Transcription occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • In prokaryotic cells, transcription occurs in a single RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotic cells, there are multiple RNA polymerases (I, II, and III).
  • Eukaryotic cells have introns, which are removed during transcription, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have introns.

Translation

  • Translation occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • The genetic code is a triplet code, meaning that each amino acid is specified by a sequence of three nucleotides.
  • There are 64 possible codons, but only 20 amino acids are used in protein synthesis.

Mutations

  • Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA.
  • There are three types of mutations: silent, missense, and nonsense mutations.
  • Silent mutations do not change the amino acid sequence, while missense mutations change the amino acid sequence but not the function of the protein.
  • Nonsense mutations result in a premature termination of protein synthesis.

Genetic Transfer in Bacteria

  • Genetic transfer in bacteria can occur through transformation, conjugation, transduction, and transposition.
  • Transformation involves the acquisition of new genetic markers by the incorporation of added DNA.
  • Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between two bacteria.
  • Transduction involves the transfer of bacterial genes from one to another by a phage.
  • Transposition involves the movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome.

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Related Documents

Microbial Genetics PDF

Description

This quiz covers the components of a nucleotide, including phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. Identify the different parts of a nucleotide and their functions.

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