Nucleotide Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the numbering convention for elements in pyrimidines?

  • 1-6 (correct)
  • 3'-5'
  • 5'-3'
  • 1-9
  • What is the characteristic of DNA replication?

  • It is conservative
  • It is liberal
  • It is semiconservative (correct)
  • It is random
  • How is the sugar connected to the nitrogenous base in a nucleic acid?

  • via a peptide bond
  • via position 1' (correct)
  • via a hydrogen bond
  • via position 3'
  • What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

    <p>To transcribe DNA into RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond that links the nitrogenous base to the sugar in a nucleic acid?

    <p>glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of DNA read from?

    <p>5' to 3' end of the sense strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in transcription between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotes have introns, prokaryotes do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the template strand in DNA?

    <p>it directs the synthesis of mRNA via complementary base pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between A and T in DNA?

    <p>A always matches with T in 2 hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which RNA is translated into protein?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central dogma of genetic information?

    <p>DNA -&gt; RNA -&gt; Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which DNA is used to synthesize mRNA?

    <p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nucleotides are there in a codon?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the 'transforming principle' in genetic materials?

    <p>It transforms avirulent strains into virulent strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the sugar molecules found in DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA has deoxyribose, while RNA has ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of pyrimidines in nucleic acids?

    <p>They have a six-carbon ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of nucleotide monomers in genetic materials?

    <p>They form nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacterium that causes pneumonia?

    <p>Bacterium Pneumococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between virulent and avirulent strains?

    <p>Virulent strains cause disease, while avirulent strains do not cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of nucleotides and the number of possible amino acids?

    <p>Three nucleotides code for 64 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nonsense mutation?

    <p>A change in a coding codon to a termination codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a bacterium acquires new genetic markers by incorporating added DNA?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a frameshift mutation?

    <p>The insertion or deletion of a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome?

    <p>Transposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a missense mutation?

    <p>A change in the codon that results in a change in protein function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a phage transfers a bacterial gene from one bacterium to another?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the sugar phosphate backbone in DNA?

    <p>Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of nucleotides in genetic material?

    <p>To combine to form DNA or RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of RNA molecules?

    <p>Single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of sugar found in DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of genetic material?

    <p>To carry genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of DNA?

    <p>Double-stranded and helical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of RNA synthesis?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a nucleotide?

    <p>Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbial Genetics

    • Genetic materials are composed of nucleic acids, which are made up of nucleotide monomers.
    • Nucleotides consist of three components: phosphate, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.
    • There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribose) and RNA (ribose).
    • Pyrimidines (e.g., cytosine, thymine) have a six-carbon ring, while purines (e.g., adenine, guanine) have two joined carbon rings with five and six members.

    Structure of DNA

    • DNA is a double-stranded, helical molecule with a sugar-phosphate backbone.
    • The sugar is connected to the nitrogenous base via position 1'.
    • The nitrogenous base is linked to position 1' of the sugar by a glycosidic bond from N1 of pyrimidine and N9 of purine.
    • DNA is semiconservative, meaning that a parental strand and a daughter strand are formed in a new molecule.

    Base, Nucleoside, and Nucleotide

    • A base is a nitrogenous base (e.g., adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil).
    • A nucleoside is a base combined with a sugar (e.g., adenosine, guanosine).
    • A nucleotide is a nucleoside with a phosphate group (e.g., adenylic acid, guanylic acid).

    DNA Replication

    • DNA replication is a semiconservative process, meaning that a parental strand and a daughter strand are formed in a new molecule.
    • The sequence of DNA replication is read from 5' to 3' end of the sense strand.

    Central Dogma of Genetic Information

    • The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
    • Transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA, while translation involves the synthesis of proteins from RNA.
    • Reverse transcription involves the synthesis of DNA from RNA.

    Transcription

    • Transcription occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
    • In prokaryotic cells, transcription occurs in a single RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotic cells, there are multiple RNA polymerases (I, II, and III).
    • Eukaryotic cells have introns, which are removed during transcription, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have introns.

    Translation

    • Translation occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
    • The genetic code is a triplet code, meaning that each amino acid is specified by a sequence of three nucleotides.
    • There are 64 possible codons, but only 20 amino acids are used in protein synthesis.

    Mutations

    • Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA.
    • There are three types of mutations: silent, missense, and nonsense mutations.
    • Silent mutations do not change the amino acid sequence, while missense mutations change the amino acid sequence but not the function of the protein.
    • Nonsense mutations result in a premature termination of protein synthesis.

    Genetic Transfer in Bacteria

    • Genetic transfer in bacteria can occur through transformation, conjugation, transduction, and transposition.
    • Transformation involves the acquisition of new genetic markers by the incorporation of added DNA.
    • Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between two bacteria.
    • Transduction involves the transfer of bacterial genes from one to another by a phage.
    • Transposition involves the movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome.

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    Microbial Genetics PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the components of a nucleotide, including phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases. Identify the different parts of a nucleotide and their functions.

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