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Questions and Answers
What is the largest molecule among the other macromolecules?
What is the largest molecule among the other macromolecules?
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DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides.
DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides.
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What are the two types of nucleic acids?
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
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What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
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What are the three components of a nucleotide?
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
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What is the name of the sugar found in DNA?
What is the name of the sugar found in DNA?
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Match the following nitrogenous bases with their respective categories:
Match the following nitrogenous bases with their respective categories:
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DNA is double stranded, which means two strands are connected.
DNA is double stranded, which means two strands are connected.
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Which one of the following is NOT nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
Which one of the following is NOT nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
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What type of bond forms between the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
What type of bond forms between the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
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Which of the following pairs correctly represents the base pairing rules in DNA?
Which of the following pairs correctly represents the base pairing rules in DNA?
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What is the purpose of DNA replication?
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
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DNA replication is a process by which DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA.
DNA replication is a process by which DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA.
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RNA is single stranded.
RNA is single stranded.
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What are the four types of RNA?
What are the four types of RNA?
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What type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes?
What type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes?
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Ribosomal RNA is the most abundant type of RNA in cells.
Ribosomal RNA is the most abundant type of RNA in cells.
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What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes?
What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes?
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What is the role of micro RNA?
What is the role of micro RNA?
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The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
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What is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA called?
What is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA called?
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What is the process by which RNA is decoded to produce proteins called?
What is the process by which RNA is decoded to produce proteins called?
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Study Notes
Nucleic Acids Overview
- Nucleic acids are among the largest macromolecules, composed of nucleotide subunits.
- DNA is a very large molecule, containing millions of nucleotides. The largest human chromosome (number 1) is roughly 220 million base pairs long.
- Nucleic acids include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleotides
- Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
- A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.
Phosphate Group
- A phosphate group has a central phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.
Pentose Sugars
- Pentose sugars are 5-carbon sugars.
- Ribose is found in RNA.
- Deoxyribose is found in DNA.
Nitrogenous Bases
- Nitrogenous bases include purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil).
- DNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
- RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
DNA Structure and Properties
- DNA is a double-stranded helix.
- DNA has a deoxyribose sugar.
- DNA bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine.
- Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
- The bonding (adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine) forms two hydrogen bonds or three hydrogen bonds, respectively.
- DNA is usually found in the nucleus, but also in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
RNA Structure and Properties
- RNA is single-stranded, it can be linear or form hairpin loops.
- RNA has a ribose sugar.
- RNA bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil.
- Adenine pairs with uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
- RNA is found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Micro RNA (miRNA)
Functions of DNA
- DNA contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live, and reproduce.
- DNA holds the code for proteins. Proteins, complex molecules, carry out many functions in the body.
- DNA replication is necessary for passing genetic information to new daughter cells.
Functions of RNA
- Involved in protein synthesis
- mRNA carries information for protein synthesis from DNA.
- rRNA is part of the ribosome, which assists in protein synthesis.
- tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
- miRNA regulates gene expression.
Central Dogma
- The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein to trait.
- DNA -> mRNA -> protein -> trait
- Transcription: DNA is copied into mRNA.
- Translation: mRNA is decoded to produce proteins (amino acid sequences).
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Description
Test your knowledge on nucleic acids, their structure and components. This quiz covers nucleotides, phosphate groups, pentose sugars, and nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. Perfect for students studying molecular biology or biochemistry.
