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Questions and Answers
What effect does high temperature have on DNA structure?
What effect does high temperature have on DNA structure?
High temperature causes melting of DNA by disrupting hydrogen bonds, resulting in two single strands.
How does the presence of G-C base pairs influence the melting point of DNA?
How does the presence of G-C base pairs influence the melting point of DNA?
The higher the number of G-C base pairs, the higher the melting point of the DNA.
Define the terms 'template strand' and 'sense strand' in the context of DNA.
Define the terms 'template strand' and 'sense strand' in the context of DNA.
The template strand is the codogenic strand (-) that serves as a template for transcription, while the sense strand is the coding strand (+) that has the same sequence as the RNA product.
Differentiate between messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).
Differentiate between messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).
What is the significance of the A, P, and E sites in the ribosome?
What is the significance of the A, P, and E sites in the ribosome?
Describe the secondary structure of RNA and give examples of its features.
Describe the secondary structure of RNA and give examples of its features.
Explain the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the ribosome.
Explain the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the ribosome.
What is the process of annealing in relation to DNA?
What is the process of annealing in relation to DNA?
What type of bond connects the 5’-phosphate group of one nucleotide to the 3’-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide?
What type of bond connects the 5’-phosphate group of one nucleotide to the 3’-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide?
List the complementary base pairs in DNA and RNA.
List the complementary base pairs in DNA and RNA.
Identify the primary difference between NAD+ and NADH.
Identify the primary difference between NAD+ and NADH.
According to Chargaff's rules, what is true about the amounts of nucleobases in a double-stranded DNA molecule?
According to Chargaff's rules, what is true about the amounts of nucleobases in a double-stranded DNA molecule?
How does the structural composition of DNA differ from that of RNA?
How does the structural composition of DNA differ from that of RNA?
What is a dinucleotide and how is it formed?
What is a dinucleotide and how is it formed?
Describe the Watson-Crick model of DNA.
Describe the Watson-Crick model of DNA.
What are the primary roles of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA in protein synthesis?
What are the primary roles of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the primary difference between genotype and phenotype?
What is the primary difference between genotype and phenotype?
Describe the structural differences between DNA and RNA viruses.
Describe the structural differences between DNA and RNA viruses.
Explain the impact of replication accuracy on DNA and RNA viruses.
Explain the impact of replication accuracy on DNA and RNA viruses.
What are the major capsid proteins found in adenovirus?
What are the major capsid proteins found in adenovirus?
Identify two families of ssRNA (+) viruses and their significance.
Identify two families of ssRNA (+) viruses and their significance.
Why are RNA viruses considered to be prone to degradation within cells?
Why are RNA viruses considered to be prone to degradation within cells?
What does the term 'one gene-one polypeptide' imply in genetics?
What does the term 'one gene-one polypeptide' imply in genetics?
How do RNA viruses assemble their capsid proteins differently than DNA viruses?
How do RNA viruses assemble their capsid proteins differently than DNA viruses?
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids?
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids?
How does tautomerization affect the properties of nucleic acids?
How does tautomerization affect the properties of nucleic acids?
Differentiate between ribose and deoxyribose.
Differentiate between ribose and deoxyribose.
What is a nucleoside composed of?
What is a nucleoside composed of?
Define a nucleotide and provide an example.
Define a nucleotide and provide an example.
What are the conformation types of ribose?
What are the conformation types of ribose?
List the primary pyrimidine bases found in nucleic acids.
List the primary pyrimidine bases found in nucleic acids.
What is the N-β-glycosidic linkage in a nucleoside?
What is the N-β-glycosidic linkage in a nucleoside?
What distinguishes the leading strand from the lagging strand during DNA replication?
What distinguishes the leading strand from the lagging strand during DNA replication?
What role do DNA helicases play in DNA replication?
What role do DNA helicases play in DNA replication?
Describe the function of topoisomerase during DNA replication.
Describe the function of topoisomerase during DNA replication.
What is the primary purpose of DNA polymerases in the process of DNA replication?
What is the primary purpose of DNA polymerases in the process of DNA replication?
Explain the difference between exonucleases and endonucleases in terms of their action on DNA.
Explain the difference between exonucleases and endonucleases in terms of their action on DNA.
What are the characteristics of a forward primer and a reverse primer in DNA replication?
What are the characteristics of a forward primer and a reverse primer in DNA replication?
How does proofreading occur during DNA replication?
How does proofreading occur during DNA replication?
What is the significance of the active site geometry of DNA polymerases in relation to base pairing?
What is the significance of the active site geometry of DNA polymerases in relation to base pairing?
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Apply bioinformatics tools to understand nucleic acid structure and function.
- Explore physical and chemical properties of nucleic acids and their practical applications.
- Investigate the relationship between nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins.
Nucleic Acid Components
- Nitrogenous bases include pyrimidines (Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil) and purines (Adenine, Guanine).
- Pentose sugars are either ribose (in RNA) or deoxyribose (in DNA).
- Nucleosides consist of a nitrogenous base and pentose sugar.
- Nucleotides are formed by adding a phosphate group to nucleosides.
Tautomerization & Structure
- Tautomerization affects the aromatic bases' structures, influencing electron distribution and light absorption.
- Electron delocalization gives bonds partial double-bond character.
Nucleosides
- Nucleosides include:
- Adenosine (A)
- Deoxyadenosine (dA)
- Guanosine (G)
- Deoxyguanosine (dG)
- Deoxythymidine (dT)
- Cytidine (C)
- Deoxycytidine (dC)
- Uridine (U)
Nucleotides
- Nucleotides are structured as:
- Adenylate (AMP)
- Deoxyadenylate (dAMP)
- Guanylate (GMP)
- Deoxyguanylate (dGMP)
- Deoxythymidylate (dTMP)
- Cytidylate (CMP)
- Deoxycytidylate (dCMP)
- Uridylate (UMP)
Nucleotide Linkages
- Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds between the 5'-phosphate group and 3'-hydroxyl group.
- Important dinucleotides include NAD+ and NADP+, involved in various biochemical processes.
Nucleic Acid Structure
- DNA and RNA differ in structures:
- DNA is double-stranded and uses deoxyribose; RNA is single-stranded and uses ribose.
- DNA utilizes bases A, T, G, C, while RNA replaces Thymine with Uracil (A, U, G, C).
Base Pairing
- Complementary bases: A-T (or A-U in RNA), G-C.
- Chargaff’s rules dictate that A=T and C=G, leading to A+G=T+C.
Watson-Crick Model
- DNA features antiparallel helical strands coiling around a common axis.
High Temperature Effects
- Elevated temperatures induce DNA denaturation, breaking hydrogen bonds, leading to two single strands.
- DNA melting temperature (Tm) rises with higher G-C content.
Genetic Information Storage
- DNA serves as a genetic information repository, with the template strand often referred to as the coding strand.
- Codons in DNA and RNA play a critical role in protein synthesis.
RNA Types
- Main RNA types include:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA): Transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Combines with proteins to form ribosome subunits.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA): Conveys genetic information from mRNA to protein during translation.
DNA Replication
- DNA helicases unwind DNA by disrupting hydrogen bonds.
- Topoisomerase alleviates topological stress during replication.
- DNA polymerases synthesize DNA by transferring a phosphoryl group.
Proofreading Mechanisms
- Nucleases (DNases) ensure replication accuracy through exonucleases and endonucleases.
- Active site geometry facilitates precise base pairing.
Viruses
- DNA viruses typically exhibit a B-form double helix; RNA viruses consist of single or double-stranded forms.
- DNA viruses replicate accurately, while RNA viruses tend to have higher mutation rates.
Examples of Viruses
- Notable DNA viruses include Poxviridae and Herpesviridae.
- Notable RNA viruses encompass Orthomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae.
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