Nucleic Acids Overview

High temperature causes melting of DNA by disrupting hydrogen bonds, resulting in two single strands.

The higher the number of G-C base pairs, the higher the melting point of the DNA.

The template strand is the codogenic strand (-) that serves as a template for transcription, while the sense strand is the coding strand (+) that has the same sequence as the RNA product.

<p>mRNA transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, while tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The A site binds to aminoacyl-tRNA, the P site forms a peptide bond between amino acids, and the E site is where tRNA exits the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The secondary structure of RNA includes features such as hairpin loops and complex loops formed by base-stacking interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rRNA, along with proteins, forms the structural and functional core of ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Annealing occurs when temperature or pH returns to normal levels, allowing the two single strands of DNA to reform a double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphodiester bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A-T (or A-U in RNA) and G-C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, which means it has an additional electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A = T and C = G.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is double-stranded and contains 2’-deoxyribose, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dinucleotide is formed by the linkage of two nucleotides through a phosphodiester bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Watson-Crick model proposes that DNA consists of two antiparallel helical strands that twist around a central axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mRNA carries genetic information, rRNA forms the core of the ribosome structure, and tRNA delivers amino acids during translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the observable traits resulting from the genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA viruses have a double helix structure and are usually more stable, while RNA viruses can have single or double-stranded forms and are often more error-prone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA viruses replicate accurately, leading to fewer mutations, whereas RNA viruses often have error-prone replication, resulting in higher mutation rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major capsid proteins in adenovirus include penton and hexon, along with minor capsid proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two families of ssRNA (+) viruses are Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae, important due to their roles in human diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA viruses are actively degraded by cellular mechanisms, especially double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) forms, making them more vulnerable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'One gene-one polypeptide' implies that each gene encodes a specific polypeptide or RNA, indicating a direct relationship between genes and protein translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA viruses co-assemble with their capsid proteins, while DNA viruses are packaged into preformed capsid shells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyrimidines and purines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tautomerization affects structures, electron distribution, and light absorption of nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribose contains an -OH group at the 2' carbon, while deoxyribose has only a -H at that position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group; for example, AMP (adenosine 5'-monophosphate).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conformation types of ribose are endo and exo movements at the C-2' and C-3' positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary pyrimidine bases are thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The N-β-glycosidic linkage connects the nitrogenous base to the pentose sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments known as Okazaki fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA helicases unwind the double or single-stranded DNA or RNA by breaking hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topoisomerase relieves topological stress that can occur ahead of the replication fork as the DNA unwinds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA polymerases polymerize DNA by transferring a phosphoryl group to the growing DNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of DNA, while endonucleases cut DNA at specific internal sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A forward primer complements the template strand and is used in the 5' to 3' direction, while a reverse primer complements the reverse strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proofreading occurs through the action of nucleases that correct errors by excising mispaired nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The active site geometry of DNA polymerases fits the standard base pairs A-T and G-C, ensuring accurate replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers