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Nucleic Acids Overview
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Nucleic Acids Overview

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@InexpensiveElder

Questions and Answers

What holds the two strands of DNA together?

  • Covalent bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds (correct)
  • Disulfide bonds
  • Ionic bonds

    • Chargaff’s rules state that A equals C and G equals T.

    False

    What is the shape of the DNA molecule?

    Double helix

    Under Chargaff’s rules, the amount of adenine (A) is equal to the amount of _____ (T).

    <p>thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of RNA with their functions:

    <p>mRNA = Messenger RNA, carries genetic information tRNA = Transfer RNA, brings amino acids to ribosomes rRNA = Ribosomal RNA, a component of ribosomes snRNA = Small nuclear RNA, involved in splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process results in two identical progeny DNA molecules?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nucleic acid is primarily responsible for transmitting genetic information?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a linear polymer of ribonucleotides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

    <p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleotides consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, a _____ group, and nitrogenous bases.

    <p>phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of nucleic acids with their descriptions:

    <p>Nucleotide = Building blocks of nucleic acids Nucleoside = Sugar and base combination without phosphate Purine = Type of nitrogenous base that includes adenine and guanine Pyrimidine = Type of nitrogenous base that includes cytosine, uracil, and thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biological functions is NOT associated with nucleotides?

    <p>Structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The syn conformation predominates in nucleic acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the sugar molecule found in RNA.

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding nucleosides and free bases?

    <p>Nucleosides are more water soluble than free bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyrimidine nucleosides are more resistant to acid hydrolysis than purine nucleosides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nucleotides?

    <p>Phosphated nucleosides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates are nucleotides with ______ phosphate groups.

    <p>two or three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ribonucleotide is associated with the letter 'G'?

    <p>Guanosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nucleosides with their corresponding nucleobases:

    <p>Adenosine = A Guanosine = G Cytidine = C Uridine = U Deoxyadenosine = A Deoxyguanosine = G Deoxycytidine = C Deoxythymidine = T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenosine monophosphate is a nucleotide that contains one phosphate group.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two divalent cations that nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates form stable complexes with.

    <p>Mg2+, Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in eukaryotic cells serves as the basic unit of DNA packaging?

    <p>Nucleosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotic cells have chromosomes that are organized in a linear structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomal RNA in cells?

    <p>Provides structural and functional foundation for ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of synthesizing RNA from DNA is known as __________.

    <p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of RNA with its role:

    <p>mRNA = Carries information for protein synthesis tRNA = Brings amino acids to ribosome rRNA = Forms part of the ribosome snRNA = Mediates splicing of hnRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Small nuclear RNAs consist of approximately 100-200 nucleotides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of small RNAs in gene regulation?

    <p>Post-transcriptional gene silencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of small interfering RNA (siRNA)?

    <p>To disrupt gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is susceptible to hydrolysis by base.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of restriction endonucleases do not require ATP to hydrolyze DNA?

    <p>Type II restriction endonucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids are called _________.

    <p>phosphodiesterases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of nucleases with their specific functions:

    <p>DNase = Acts only on DNA RNase = Acts only on RNA Restriction enzymes = Cleaves double-stranded DNA Phosphodiesterases = Hydrolyze nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics applies to Type II restriction enzymes?

    <p>They recognize specific sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthetic mimics of proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one structural difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>RNA has a hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon of the sugar, whereas DNA has a hydrogen atom at that position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Central Dogma of Biosciences

    • DNA serves as the genetic information storage.
    • RNA acts as a transmitter of genetic information.
    • Proteins function as biocatalysts and molecular machines.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Two main types: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).
    • Composed of linear polymers of nucleotides.

    Nucleotides

    • Components include ribose or deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous bases (pyrimidines and purines), and phosphate groups.
    • Common pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine (DNA), and uracil (RNA).
    • Common purines are adenine and guanine.

    Structures of Nucleotides

    • Nucleotides form through the joining of ribose or deoxyribose with nitrogenous bases via β-N-glycosidic bonds.
    • Nucleosides are water-soluble compared to free bases and exhibit syn and anti conformations.

    RNA Nucleotides

    • Nucleotides: Adenosine (A), Guanosine (G), Cytidine (C), Uridine (U).
    • Structure features include hydroxyl (-OH) groups and various nitrogenous bases.

    DNA Nucleotides

    • Nucleotides: Deoxyadenosine (A), Deoxyguanosine (G), Deoxycytidine (C), Deoxythymidine (T).
    • DNA lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon of the sugar.

    Nucleoside Triphosphates

    • Nucleotides with two or three phosphate groups known as nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) and triphosphates (NTPs) respectively.
    • They are strong polyprotic acids and form stable complexes with divalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺.

    DNA Structure

    • Characterized as a double helix following Chargaff’s rules (A=T and G=C).
    • Identified by X-ray diffraction studies by Rosalind Franklin, leading to the model established by Watson and Crick in 1953.
    • DNA is coded in a digital format, allowing for replication through base pairing.

    RNA Types and Functions

    • Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries sequences for protein synthesis.
    • Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to ribosomes.
    • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the structural foundation of ribosomes.
    • Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) aids in splicing of precursor mRNA.

    Gene Expression

    • Transcription involves synthesizing RNA from DNA prompts by RNA polymerase.
    • Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins based on mRNA sequences.

    Nucleic Acid Hydrolysis

    • RNA is susceptible to hydrolysis via NaOH; DNA undergoes hydrolysis through acid (e.g., HCl).
    • Phosphodiesterases hydrolyze nucleic acids, while nucleases such as DNase and RNase act specifically on DNA and RNA.

    Restriction Enzymes

    • Type I and III require ATP and cleave randomly; Type II cleaves at specific sequences, typically 4-6 nucleotides long.
    • EcoRI is a notable restriction enzyme creating "sticky" ends.

    Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs)

    • Synthetic analogs of DNA/RNA featuring a peptide backbone instead of a sugar-phosphate backbone.
    • Notably resistant to nucleases, making them stable probes.

    Key Differences

    • Distinct structure and function differences between DNA (double helix, thymine base) and RNA (single strand, uracil base).

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, through this informative quiz. Understand the roles of nucleotides and how they form linear polymers that are essential for genetic information transmission. Test your knowledge of the central dogma of biosciences and the molecular machinery involved in protein synthesis.

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