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Questions and Answers
What holds the two strands of DNA together?
What holds the two strands of DNA together?
- Covalent bonds
- Hydrogen bonds (correct)
- Disulfide bonds
- Ionic bonds
Chargaff’s rules state that A equals C and G equals T.
Chargaff’s rules state that A equals C and G equals T.
False (B)
What is the shape of the DNA molecule?
What is the shape of the DNA molecule?
Double helix
Under Chargaff’s rules, the amount of adenine (A) is equal to the amount of _____ (T).
Under Chargaff’s rules, the amount of adenine (A) is equal to the amount of _____ (T).
Match the following types of RNA with their functions:
Match the following types of RNA with their functions:
What process results in two identical progeny DNA molecules?
What process results in two identical progeny DNA molecules?
Which type of nucleic acid is primarily responsible for transmitting genetic information?
Which type of nucleic acid is primarily responsible for transmitting genetic information?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a linear polymer of ribonucleotides.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a linear polymer of ribonucleotides.
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, a _____ group, and nitrogenous bases.
Nucleotides consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, a _____ group, and nitrogenous bases.
Match the following components of nucleic acids with their descriptions:
Match the following components of nucleic acids with their descriptions:
Which of the following biological functions is NOT associated with nucleotides?
Which of the following biological functions is NOT associated with nucleotides?
The syn conformation predominates in nucleic acids.
The syn conformation predominates in nucleic acids.
Name the sugar molecule found in RNA.
Name the sugar molecule found in RNA.
Which of the following statements is true regarding nucleosides and free bases?
Which of the following statements is true regarding nucleosides and free bases?
Pyrimidine nucleosides are more resistant to acid hydrolysis than purine nucleosides.
Pyrimidine nucleosides are more resistant to acid hydrolysis than purine nucleosides.
What are nucleotides?
What are nucleotides?
Nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates are nucleotides with ______ phosphate groups.
Nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates are nucleotides with ______ phosphate groups.
Which ribonucleotide is associated with the letter 'G'?
Which ribonucleotide is associated with the letter 'G'?
Match the following nucleosides with their corresponding nucleobases:
Match the following nucleosides with their corresponding nucleobases:
Adenosine monophosphate is a nucleotide that contains one phosphate group.
Adenosine monophosphate is a nucleotide that contains one phosphate group.
Name two divalent cations that nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates form stable complexes with.
Name two divalent cations that nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates form stable complexes with.
What structure in eukaryotic cells serves as the basic unit of DNA packaging?
What structure in eukaryotic cells serves as the basic unit of DNA packaging?
Prokaryotic cells have chromosomes that are organized in a linear structure.
Prokaryotic cells have chromosomes that are organized in a linear structure.
What is the function of ribosomal RNA in cells?
What is the function of ribosomal RNA in cells?
The process of synthesizing RNA from DNA is known as __________.
The process of synthesizing RNA from DNA is known as __________.
Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
Match the type of RNA with its role:
Match the type of RNA with its role:
Small nuclear RNAs consist of approximately 100-200 nucleotides.
Small nuclear RNAs consist of approximately 100-200 nucleotides.
What is the primary role of small RNAs in gene regulation?
What is the primary role of small RNAs in gene regulation?
What is the primary role of small interfering RNA (siRNA)?
What is the primary role of small interfering RNA (siRNA)?
DNA is susceptible to hydrolysis by base.
DNA is susceptible to hydrolysis by base.
What types of restriction endonucleases do not require ATP to hydrolyze DNA?
What types of restriction endonucleases do not require ATP to hydrolyze DNA?
The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids are called _________.
The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids are called _________.
Match the following types of nucleases with their specific functions:
Match the following types of nucleases with their specific functions:
Which of the following characteristics applies to Type II restriction enzymes?
Which of the following characteristics applies to Type II restriction enzymes?
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthetic mimics of proteins.
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthetic mimics of proteins.
What is one structural difference between DNA and RNA?
What is one structural difference between DNA and RNA?
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Study Notes
Central Dogma of Biosciences
- DNA serves as the genetic information storage.
- RNA acts as a transmitter of genetic information.
- Proteins function as biocatalysts and molecular machines.
Nucleic Acids
- Two main types: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).
- Composed of linear polymers of nucleotides.
Nucleotides
- Components include ribose or deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous bases (pyrimidines and purines), and phosphate groups.
- Common pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine (DNA), and uracil (RNA).
- Common purines are adenine and guanine.
Structures of Nucleotides
- Nucleotides form through the joining of ribose or deoxyribose with nitrogenous bases via β-N-glycosidic bonds.
- Nucleosides are water-soluble compared to free bases and exhibit syn and anti conformations.
RNA Nucleotides
- Nucleotides: Adenosine (A), Guanosine (G), Cytidine (C), Uridine (U).
- Structure features include hydroxyl (-OH) groups and various nitrogenous bases.
DNA Nucleotides
- Nucleotides: Deoxyadenosine (A), Deoxyguanosine (G), Deoxycytidine (C), Deoxythymidine (T).
- DNA lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon of the sugar.
Nucleoside Triphosphates
- Nucleotides with two or three phosphate groups known as nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) and triphosphates (NTPs) respectively.
- They are strong polyprotic acids and form stable complexes with divalent cations like Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺.
DNA Structure
- Characterized as a double helix following Chargaff’s rules (A=T and G=C).
- Identified by X-ray diffraction studies by Rosalind Franklin, leading to the model established by Watson and Crick in 1953.
- DNA is coded in a digital format, allowing for replication through base pairing.
RNA Types and Functions
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries sequences for protein synthesis.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to ribosomes.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the structural foundation of ribosomes.
- Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) aids in splicing of precursor mRNA.
Gene Expression
- Transcription involves synthesizing RNA from DNA prompts by RNA polymerase.
- Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins based on mRNA sequences.
Nucleic Acid Hydrolysis
- RNA is susceptible to hydrolysis via NaOH; DNA undergoes hydrolysis through acid (e.g., HCl).
- Phosphodiesterases hydrolyze nucleic acids, while nucleases such as DNase and RNase act specifically on DNA and RNA.
Restriction Enzymes
- Type I and III require ATP and cleave randomly; Type II cleaves at specific sequences, typically 4-6 nucleotides long.
- EcoRI is a notable restriction enzyme creating "sticky" ends.
Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs)
- Synthetic analogs of DNA/RNA featuring a peptide backbone instead of a sugar-phosphate backbone.
- Notably resistant to nucleases, making them stable probes.
Key Differences
- Distinct structure and function differences between DNA (double helix, thymine base) and RNA (single strand, uracil base).
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