Nucleic Acids and Proteins Overview

<p>Breaking open cells to release DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins are a major macromolecule in the body, while nucleic acids are another type of macromolecule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catalyzing the addition of dNTPs to the growing DNA strand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA Polymerase 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cutting DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Away from the replication fork in a discontinuous manner. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove the primer in a DNA strand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5'-CTAG-3' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The synthesis of the DNA is leading towards the replication fork. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transfer a methyl group to DNA, making it resistant to restriction enzymes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the bacteria's restriction enzymes do not cut its own DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the bacteria from invading bacteriophages by cutting their nucleic acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separating the sugar-phosphate backbones in both strands of DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Translation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct transfer (conjugation) involves physical contact and transfer between cells, while indirect transfer (transduction) uses a carries such as a virus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transformation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endonuclease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are composed of RNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA contains uracil instead of thymine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form a structural and functional part of ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding methyl groups to nitrogen bases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2,000 to 100,000 base pairs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80% to 90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thymine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother only, while nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ion that can change its charge based on pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slightly alkaline pH results in fewer positive charges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Checking for chromosomal abnormalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constitutive Transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endoribonucleases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quaternary structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The observable physical traits of the organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nature of the amino acid side chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymers of amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>73 to 93 bases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteome refers to the complete set of proteins, while genome refers to the complete set of DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macromolecules made of long chains of nucleotides; include DNA and RNA.

Units of the length of DNA formed by nitrogenous base pairs.

Deoxyribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid that carries genetic instructions.

Ribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

Principles of heredity proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865.

Reads the same forward and backward.

Enzymes that separate sugar-phosphate backbones of DNA strands.

Mixture and assembly of new genetic combinations during sexual reproduction.

Enzymes that add a methyl group to DNA, protecting it from restriction enzymes.

Enzymes that cut nucleic acid sequences, often used for defense by bacteria.

Direct transfer of genetic material between bacteria.

Transfer of genetic material via a virus carrier in bacteria.

Process of altering nucleic acids in bacteria for recombination.

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.

DNA polymerase that adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand.

Strand synthesized continuously towards the replication fork.

Strand synthesized in fragments away from the replication fork.

Enzyme that removes RNA primers during DNA replication.

A type of endonuclease that cuts DNA at specific sites.

Short segment of RNA needed to initiate DNA synthesis.

Enzyme that catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation between DNA ends.

Small, circular DNA molecules that can carry genetic information.

Enzymes that degrade DNA from ends, either 3' or 5', breaking it down.

The major component of ribosomes, crucial for protein synthesis.

Different species of rRNA, including 16S, 23S, and 5S found in prokaryotes.

The precursor molecule that is processed into mature rRNA.

DNA found in mitochondria, inherited maternally.

Genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, often found in plasmids.

A molecule with a negative charge that forms the building blocks of nucleic acids.

A molecule that can carry both positive and negative charges depending on pH.

Normal pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45, slightly alkaline.

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein, linked by peptide bonds.

The regular folding of regions of the polypeptide chain, such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

The 3D arrangement of all amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

The interaction and arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein.

An individual's complete set of chromosomes, used to identify abnormalities.

The process of copying DNA into messenger RNA.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of RNA from a DNA template.

Cellular structures that facilitate translation of mRNA into proteins.

Molecules that help decode mRNA into a protein by bringing amino acids.

Transcription that occurs continuously, regardless of cellular conditions.

Transcription activated only under specific conditions or signals.

Building blocks of proteins, each with unique biochemical properties.

Polymers of amino acids that perform various functions in organisms.