Nucleic Acids and DNA Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct mRNA codon that pairs with the tRNA anticodon 3' --C--A--U--5'?

  • 3' -AUG-5'
  • 3' -UAC-5'
  • 3' -GUA-5'
  • 3' -CAU-5' (correct)

    • Which of the following mRNA codons can form a base pair with the tRNA anticodon 3' --G--G--C--5'?

  • 3' -AUG-5'
  • 3' -G--C--G--5' (correct)
  • 3' -C--C--G--5'
  • 3' -C--G--C--5'

    • Which codon-anticodon pairing is incorrect based on the provided tRNA sequence?

  • 3' -UAC-5' (correct)
  • 3' -AUG-5'
  • 3' -CAU-5'
  • 3' -GUA-5'

    • What would be the complement of the tRNA sequence listed as 3' --G--G--C--U--U--A--C--A--G--5'?

    <p>5' --C--C--G--A--A--U--G--U--C--3' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the tRNA anticodon that corresponds to the mRNA codon 3' --UAC--5'.

    <p>3' --C--A--U--5' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adenine from cytosine in terms of base pairing?

    <p>Adenine can form hydrogen bonds only with thymine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nucleotides forms three hydrogen bonds with its complementary base?

    <p>Cytosine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you determine if a white, fibrous substance is DNA or RNA?

    <p>By checking for the presence of uracil or thymine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

    <p>To separate the DNA double helix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes eukaryotic DNA?

    <p>It is associated with histone proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In nucleic acids, which sugar differentiates RNA from DNA?

    <p>Ribose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the specificity of base pairing between nucleotides?

    <p>The number and arrangement of hydrogen bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?

    <p>Thymine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Anticodon

    The sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that recognizes and binds to a complementary codon on mRNA during translation.

    Codon

    The sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

    Translation

    The process by which the genetic code in mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

    Codon-Anticodon Base Pairing

    The pairing between a codon in mRNA and its complementary anticodon on tRNA, which allows for the correct amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain.

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    Start Codon

    Translation begins at a specific start codon, typically AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine.

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    What are nucleic acids?

    Nucleic acids are long chains formed by linking together many small subunits called nucleotides.

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    How can A distinguish T from C?

    Adenine (A) forms two hydrogen bonds with Thymine (T), while Cytosine (C) forms three hydrogen bonds with Guanine (G). This specific pairing is due to the arrangement of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors in the base molecules.

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    Distinguishing DNA, RNA, and protein

    DNA and RNA are the two major types of nucleic acids in living organisms, and proteins are composed of amino acids.

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    True Statement about Eukaryotic DNA

    Eukaryotic DNA is organized into chromosomes, composed of DNA wrapped around histone proteins, and a significant portion is comprised of non-coding sequences, also known as repetitive sequences.

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    Which enzyme separates DNA strands?

    DNA polymerase I is involved in DNA repair and filling gaps during replication, while DNA polymerase III is the primary replicative enzyme, and helicase unwinds the double helix.

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    Hydrogen Bonding in DNA

    Adenine (A) forms two hydrogen bonds, while thymine (T) forms two hydrogen bonds and cytosine (C) forms three hydrogen bonds, with guanine (G).

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    DNA Polymerase III Function

    DNA polymerase III is responsible for adding new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during replication.

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    The Role of Helicase

    The enzyme helicase unwinds the double helix of DNA, separating the two strands, allowing for replication to occur.

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    Study Notes

    Nucleic Acids

    • DNA and RNA are nucleic acids responsible for hereditary information, directing protein synthesis.
    • Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.
    • Nucleotides consist of a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
    • Nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
    • Nitrogenous bases in RNA: adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.

    Nucleotide Structure

    • Phosphate group bonds nucleotides together, forming polynucleotide chains.
    • 5' end: phosphate-ended extremity.
    • 3' end: pentose-ended extremity.
    • Important for biological functions as some reactions occur in a 5' to 3' direction.

    DNA Structure

    • DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains in an antiparallel configuration (5' to 3' and 3' to 5').
    • Antiparallel configuration is crucial for replication.
    • Hydrogen bonds bind bases of opposite strands (A with T; G with C).

    DNA Replication

    • The pairing of bases facilitates DNA replication.
    • Each chain acts as a template for a new strand.
    • Enzyme DNA polymerase is involved.

    Replication Errors

    • Errors during replication lead to mutations, impacting protein synthesis and biological evolution.
    • Mutations can create new traits, resulting in species diversity.

    Transcription vs Replication

    • Both use DNA as a template.
    • Replication makes a copy of the entire DNA molecule.
    • Transcription produces RNA from a DNA segment.
    • Different enzymes (DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase) are involved in each process

    DNA Base Sequences

    • Complementary base pairs guarantee accurate DNA replication and transcription.
    • The sequence of nitrogenous bases is crucial for the specific function of DNA.

    DNA Structure and Components

    • DNA is a complex molecule with a double helix structure.
    • The sequence of nucleotides determines the hereditary information.

    Identifying DNA, RNA, or Protein

    • Presence of amino acids identifies a protein.
    • Presence of ribose/deoxyribose and uracil/thymine differentiate RNA/DNA.

    Differences between A and T with C and G

    • A and T form two hydrogen bonds.
    • C and G form three hydrogen bonds.
    • This difference in hydrogen bonding affects the stability of DNA structure.

    mRNA and tRNA

    • mRNA (messenger RNA) is transcribed from DNA.
    • tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids during protein synthesis.
    • Anticodons on tRNA match with codons on mRNA for accurate protein synthesis.

    DNA Polymerase

    • DNA polymerase III is crucial for DNA replication. It can only add nucleotides to an existing chain.
    • An RNA primer is required for DNA polymerase III's activity in DNA replication.

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    Related Documents

    Nucleic Acids Questions & Answers PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of nucleic acids, focusing on the structure and function of DNA and RNA. Understand the composition of nucleotides, the arrangement of bases, and the significance of DNA replication. This quiz covers key concepts essential for grasping molecular biology.

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