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Questions and Answers
The nucleon number is the total number of ______ and neutrons.
The nucleon number is the total number of ______ and neutrons.
protons
Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons are called ______.
Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons are called ______.
isotopes
During a nuclear process, the ______ number, proton number, and mass-energy are conserved.
During a nuclear process, the ______ number, proton number, and mass-energy are conserved.
nucleon
Radioactive processes are ______ and spontaneous.
Radioactive processes are ______ and spontaneous.
Radioactive decay is impossible to ______ and each nucleus has the same probability of decaying.
Radioactive decay is impossible to ______ and each nucleus has the same probability of decaying.
The presence of other nuclei does not affect the ______ nature of radioactive decay.
The presence of other nuclei does not affect the ______ nature of radioactive decay.
The proton number is defined as the total number of ______.
The proton number is defined as the total number of ______.
The value of E2 is calculated as 0.4 ______.
The value of E2 is calculated as 0.4 ______.
A beam of ______-particles is fired at thin gold foil in the Geiger-Marsden experiment.
A beam of ______-particles is fired at thin gold foil in the Geiger-Marsden experiment.
The ______ is a fast-moving electron or positron.
The ______ is a fast-moving electron or positron.
The charge of a proton is ______.
The charge of a proton is ______.
α-particles have a relative mass of ______.
α-particles have a relative mass of ______.
Ionizing power is considered ______ for α-particles and ______ for γ-rays.
Ionizing power is considered ______ for α-particles and ______ for γ-rays.
The ______ particle is attracted to negatively charged fields.
The ______ particle is attracted to negatively charged fields.
Antiparticles are essentially the same as their corresponding particles, except for their ______.
Antiparticles are essentially the same as their corresponding particles, except for their ______.
The magnetic effect shows that positively charged particles are ______.
The magnetic effect shows that positively charged particles are ______.
β− particles are represented by the symbol ______.
β− particles are represented by the symbol ______.
A neutron has a relative mass of ______ and a charge of ______.
A neutron has a relative mass of ______ and a charge of ______.
In α decay, a helium ______ is lost.
In α decay, a helium ______ is lost.
During β− decay, a neutron turns into a proton and an ______ is emitted.
During β− decay, a neutron turns into a proton and an ______ is emitted.
In β+ decay, a proton turns into a neutron and a ______ is emitted.
In β+ decay, a proton turns into a neutron and a ______ is emitted.
γ decay involves the emission of electromagnetic ______.
γ decay involves the emission of electromagnetic ______.
An electron is a fundamental particle, but ______ and neutrons are not.
An electron is a fundamental particle, but ______ and neutrons are not.
Protons and neutrons are made up of combinations of smaller particles called ______.
Protons and neutrons are made up of combinations of smaller particles called ______.
The up quark has a charge of ______ +2/3.
The up quark has a charge of ______ +2/3.
Hadrons are a part of ______ particles.
Hadrons are a part of ______ particles.
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Study Notes
Nuclear Physics Overview
- Random decay processes exhibit fluctuations in count rate, whereas spontaneous processes maintain consistent rates despite varying conditions.
- Geiger-Marsden experiment involved firing α-particles at thin gold foil, providing key evidence for nuclear structure.
Types of Radiation
- Alpha (α): Helium nucleus, +2 charge, mass 4, slow speed (10^6 ms^-1), stopped by paper, high ionizing power.
- Beta (β−): Fast-moving electron, -1 charge, very low mass (1/1840), fast speed (10^8 ms^-1), stopped by aluminum, low ionizing power.
- Beta (β+): Positron emission, +1 charge, very low mass, fast speed.
- Gamma (γ): Electromagnetic radiation, no charge, zero mass, stopped by dense materials like lead, very low ionizing power.
- Protons (charge +1, mass 1) and neutrons (no charge, mass 1) comprise atomic nuclei with specific compositions based on quarks.
Fundamental Particles and Quarks
- Fundamental particles cannot be subdivided further; electrons are fundamental, while protons and neutrons are composite due to quark composition.
- Quark family includes:
- Up (u): Charge +2/3
- Down (d): Charge -1/3
- Strange (s): Charge -1/3
Nuclear Processes and Conservation
- Nucleon number, proton number, and mass-energy are conserved during nuclear processes.
- Radioactive decay is inherently random and spontaneous, influenced minimally by external conditions other than intrinsic nuclear factors.
Types of Decay
- Alpha Decay: Loss of helium nucleus.
- Beta Minus Decay (β−): Neutron converts to proton, emits electron and antineutrino.
- Beta Plus Decay (β+): Proton converts to neutron, emits positron and neutrino.
- Gamma Decay: Nucleus transitions to a lower energy state, emitting gamma radiation.
Antiparticles
- Every particle has a corresponding antiparticle with opposite charge.
- Example: Electron (charge -1) versus positron (charge +1).
Isotope Definition
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different neutron counts but identical proton counts, affecting their mass number.
Particle Families
- Particles are classified into families:
- Leptons: Elementary particles that do not undergo strong interactions.
- Hadrons: Composite particles made up of quarks, including protons and neutrons.
Magnetic and Electric Effects
- α-particles are slightly deflected in magnetic fields; β-particles experience greater deflection due to their charge.
- Electric fields attract negative particles and repel positively charged particles.
Measuring Energy with Potentiometers
- Potentiometer readings can inform about voltage in circuits, as demonstrated with calculations involving distance from reference points.
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