Nuclear Medicine Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What year did Wilhelm Roentgen discover X-rays?

1901

Who received the Nobel Prize for the use of isotopes as tracers in 1943?

George de Hevesy

Which two scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize for developing X-ray CT in 1979?

Hounsfield & Cormack

What does the acronym SPECT stand for in nuclear medicine?

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Signup and view all the answers

How is Nuclear Medicine's focus different from that of Radiology?

Nuclear Medicine focuses on physiology, while Radiology focuses on anatomy. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is primarily measured in MRI imaging?

Proton Density Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation is used in PET and SPECT imaging modalities?

Gamma Rays Signup and view all the answers

What technology did Lauterbur & Mansfield develop that earned them a Nobel Prize in 2003?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of patient preparation in PET imaging?

Patient preparation, including fasting and medication management, is crucial for optimal FDG uptake and accurate imaging results. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of SUVmax and SUVmean in defining regions of interest in PET scans.

SUVmax and SUVmean are used to quantify tracer uptake in lesions, helping in the assessment of tumor activity and response to treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the typical administered dose and scan time for a PET imaging procedure.

The typical administered dose is between 10 to 20 mCi of FDG, and total scan time is approximately 30 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in PET imaging?

To enhance image quality or reduce scan time. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key advantages of PET over SPECT in medical imaging?

PET offers superior spatial resolution, higher sensitivity, and effective attenuation correction compared to SPECT. Signup and view all the answers

How does attenuation correction (AC) impact PET imaging results?

It reduces photon attenuation effects, leading to clearer images and more accurate assessments. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the limitations associated with functional imaging techniques like PET.

Limitations include limited spatial resolution, poor signal-to-noise ratio, and suboptimal radiotracer uptake in diseased conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What does a Standard Uptake Value (SUV) of approximately 2.5 usually indicate in PET imaging?

It typically serves as a cutoff between malignant and non-malignant pathology. Signup and view all the answers

What was the contribution of H.N. Wagner in the development of hybrid imaging techniques?

H.N. Wagner fused anatomical and functional imaging techniques in 1968, which led to advancements in medical imaging. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is high FDG uptake observed, according to the provided content?

In areas with high metabolic activity such as inflammation, infection, or after exercise. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the evolution of SPECT/CT and PET/CT based on historical developments.

The first SPECT/CT prototype was built in 1990, and the first commercial system was installed in 1999, while the first PET/CT prototype was created by D.W. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the conditions that may affect the reproducibility of Standard Uptake Values (SUV).

SUV reproducibility can be affected by uptake period, scan length, scanning range, and direction. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components needed to calculate SUV?

The activity concentration in a volume of tissue and the overall body activity concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does inadequate fasting have on PET imaging results?

It can lead to elevated FDG uptake, potentially resulting in false positives. Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that can influence the value of SUV?

Physiologic condition, uptake time, fasting state, and image noise can all affect SUV values. Signup and view all the answers

What does a high uptake of FDG in the lungs typically indicate?

It often reflects high metabolic activity, which might be due to inflammation or infection. Signup and view all the answers

How is SUVmax different from SUVmean?

SUVmax represents the highest pixel value from a region of interest (ROI), while SUVmean is the average across the ROI. Signup and view all the answers

How does the proximity of the camera to the patient affect spatial resolution in SPECT imaging?

Closer positioning leads to better spatial resolution. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical time spent on each projection during SPECT image acquisition?

About 30 seconds per projection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using fewer than 3 degrees between angular stops in SPECT imaging?

It causes streaking in the images. Signup and view all the answers

Why is a high-pass filter, such as a ramp filter, used in filtered back projection?

It suppresses blurring in the reconstructed images. Signup and view all the answers

In SPECT, what does an increase in the number of iterations and subsets in OSEM lead to?

It leads to sharper images but increased noise. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the matrix size and the number of views in a 360º SPECT scan?

The number of views equals the matrix size. Signup and view all the answers

What problem in radionuclide imaging does attenuation correction address?

It addresses the issue caused by attenuation of the signal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common iterative reconstruction algorithm used in SPECT?

Ordered Subsets Expectation Maximization (OSEM). Signup and view all the answers

What is the main trade-off when selecting filters for SPECT imaging?

The trade-off is between noise reduction and resolution. Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to non-filter noise in SPECT images?

Collimator, matrix size, slice thickness, and time per stop. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a LEHR collimator in nuclear medicine imaging?

A LEHR collimator is designed to improve image quality by minimizing scatter and enhancing spatial resolution. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of beta decay and its end products.

Beta decay occurs when a neutron transforms into a proton, emitting an electron (e-) and an antineutrino, resulting in an increase in atomic number by one. Signup and view all the answers

How are the effective half-life and biological half-life related in the context of radiopharmaceuticals?

The effective half-life (Te) is calculated as the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the physical half-life (Tp) and biological half-life (Tb), reflecting both radioactive decay and biological clearance. Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to image degradation in nuclear medicine?

Image degradation is primarily caused by scatter, septal penetration, and simultaneous detections of gamma rays, which increase noise and reduce contrast. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the decay constant ($, \lambda$) in radioactivity.

The decay constant ($\lambda$) indicates the probability of decay of a radioactive nucleus per unit time, inversely related to the half-life (T1/2). Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between initial activity (A0) and activity at time t (At) in radioactive decay?

The relationship is described by the equation $At = A0 e^{-\lambda t}$, showing how activity decreases exponentially over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary unit of radioactivity in the SI system and how does it compare to traditional units?

The SI unit of radioactivity is the Becquerel (Bq), defined as one disintegration per second, whereas the traditional unit Curie (Ci) equates to approximately $3.7 \times 10^{10}$ disintegrations per second. Signup and view all the answers

Define system spatial resolution (Rsys) and its components.

System spatial resolution (Rsys) describes the overall imaging quality and is influenced by the intrinsic resolution (Rint) and collimator resolution (Rcol), calculated using the formula $R_{sys} = \sqrt{R_{int}^2 + R_{col}^2}$. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the physical half-life (Tp) and decay constant ($\lambda$)?

The physical half-life is inversely related to the decay constant, expressed as $Tp = \frac{0.693}{\lambda}$. Signup and view all the answers

How does scatter negatively affect imaging in nuclear medicine?

Scatter increases image noise and decreases lesion contrast, making it harder to identify abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Medical Physics Introduction to Nuclear Medicine

The presentation covered medical imaging techniques and their history.
Wilhelm Roentgen received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of X-rays in 1901.
George de Hevesy received the Nobel Prize in 1943 for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in chemical processes.
Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack received the Nobel Prize in 1979 for the development of X-ray computerized tomography (CT).
Peter Mansfield and Paul Lauterbur received the Nobel Prize in 2003 for their discoveries concerning the development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Medical Imaging Techniques

X-rays are remarkable rays that were named after their discoverer.
Radiopharmaceuticals are used for the study of chemical processes by using isotopes as tracers.
X-ray CT is a technique for developing computerized tomography.
MRI is a technique for developing Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Structural & Functional Imaging

Nuclear Medicine examines physiology, while Radiology examines anatomy.

What Does Probe Mean in Imaging?

Radiology: X-ray, electron density
Mammography: X-ray, electron density
CT: X-ray, electron density
Angiography: X-ray, electron density
MRI: RF, proton density
SPECT: Gamma ray, radionuclide dis.
PET: Gamma ray, radionuclide dis.
Sonography: Ultrasound, acoustic impedance

History

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a German physicist, discovered X-rays.
X-rays can pass through objects, like hands, and image the bones and rings.
Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901.

NM and PET Process

Diagrams show the process of Nuclear Medicine (NM) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging techniques.

Radioisotopes and Radiopharmaceuticals

Radioisotope is a radioactive atom acting as the radiation source.
Pharmaceutical is a vector molecule targeting an organ.
Radioisotope + pharmaceutical = radiopharmaceutical (radiotracer).
Fluorine-18 + Glucose = 18F-FDG

Why is Nuclear Medicine Different?

In Nuclear Medicine, the emission source is within the organ, unlike other modalities (X-ray, CT, MR) where the source is external.
Nuclear Medicine provides functional imaging, while other modalities provide anatomical imaging.
Nuclear Medicine acts as a complement to other modalities, not a replacement.

NM Activity Poles

Radiopharmacy (radiopharmaceuticals) involves the creation of radiotracers, produced by nuclear and biochemical industries.
Functional Imaging is carried out by physicians, using different instrumentation including cameras and PET scanners.
Instrument developers and physicists work on the design and manufacturing of cameras and PET scanners.

A Review

β⁻ decay: AX₂ → AYz+1 + e⁻ + ν
β⁺ decay: AX₂ → AYZ⁻¹ + e⁺ + ν
e⁻ capture: AX₂ + e⁻ → AYZ⁻¹ + ν
γ decay and internal conversion: no changes to A or Z

Radioactivity

A(t): disintegration rate at time t (decays/sec)
N(t): number of nuclei at time t
λ: decay constant (units of 1/sec or 1/hr)
λ = ln2/T₁/₂ = 0.693/T₁/₂
T₁/₂: half-life which is also ln2/λ = 0.693/λ
1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (Becquerel)
1 Ci = 3.7 × 10¹⁰ dps (1g of Ra-226, discovered by Mme. Curie)
1 mCi = 37 MBq
NM imaging: ~ 1 to 30 mCi (30 – 1100 MBq)

Physical Half-life (Tp)

T₁/₂: time requires for radioactive atoms to reduce to one half.
N₁ = N₀e⁻¹t or A₁ = A₀e⁻¹t
T₁/₂ = 0.693/λ
λ = 0.693/T₁/₂

Effective half life

Tₑ = time to reduce radiopharmaceutical in the body to half by function clearance and radioactive decay.
Tₑ = (Tₚ*Tᵇ)/(Tₚ + Tᵇ)

Radionuclides used in Nuclear Medicine

A table listing various radionuclides, their decay mode, principal photon emissions, half-lives, and primary uses in nuclear medicine.

Radiation Detectors in NM

Survey meters (gas-filled detector): Ionization chambers (IC), Geiger-Müller (GM)
Dose calibrator (gas-filled detector):
Well counter (scintillation detector):
Thyroid probe (scintillation detector):

Ionization Chamber (IC)

Signal strength is proportional to energy deposited.
Used for measuring amounts of radiation, e.g., exposure and air kerma.

Dose calibrator

Measures activity only.
Use the correct isotope button to avoid position effects.
Quality control is regulated by the NRC or Agreement State.
Every patient dose must be measured before administering.

Dose calibrator quality control

Constancy: daily, using Cs-137 (660 keV, 30 y) and Co-57 (122 keV, 9 mo) for all nuclide settings. Errors < 10%
Linearity: quarterly, using 300 mCi Tc-99m, down to 10 µCi. Errors < 10%
Accuracy: yearly, using Cs-137 and Co-57. Errors < 5%
Geometry: using 1 mCi Tc-99m with different volumes, upon installation. Errors < 10%
Syringes (1 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml)
Vial (10 ml)

Geiger-Müller (GM) Region

The signal strength is independent of the energy deposited.
The detector is used for measuring radiation presence.

Scintillation Detectors

Scintillator: Radiation deposits energy causing light flashes (fluorescence).
Photomultiplier tube (PMT): Detects fluorescence and amplifies the signal.

Scintillation Detectors (Thyroid probe)

Diagram illustrates the components (Nal(TI)), lead shielding, PMT, cable, etc., involved in a thyroid probe.

Gamma Camera, Scintillation Camera

General descriptions related to gamma camera and scintillation camera operations.

How to Obtain a NM Image?

Administer radiopharmaceutical (radionuclide labeled pharmaceutical).
Radiopharmaceutical concentrates in desired locations.
The radionuclide decays, emitting γ photons.
Detect γ photons using a γ camera (Anger camera).

Steps to Obtain a NM Image

Diagram illustrates the steps involved in obtaining a Nuclear Medicine (NM) image: injection, absorption of radiopharmaceutical by the organ, emission of radiation by the organ, focusing of emissions by the collimator, conversion of light into electronic pulses by PMTs, identification of pulse positions by localization electronics, and data display on a monitor.

Basic Principle

γ-rays directed towards a Nal(Tl) scintillation crystal.
Multiple PMTs detect light flashes.
Signals proportional to energy converted into electrical pulses.
Pulses fed to energy discrimination and positioning circuits.
Image of radionuclide distribution formed and displayed.

Nuclear medicine is emission imaging.

γ photons emitted from inside the patient.
γ photon energy is 70 keV to 511 keV.
Limited photon number gives relatively poor image quality and spatial resolution.
Image noise is greater due to the low count density (10⁵-10⁶ lower than X-ray imaging).
CT is a transmission imaging mode.

BUT: Nuclear medicine is molecular imaging

Interaction of radiopharmaceutical with cells/molecules.
Binding directly to a target molecule.
Accumulation by molecular/cellular activities.
Detection of molecular/cellular activities (e.g., perfusion for heart, brain, kidneys, lungs, and metabolism of cancers) for early diagnosis.

Major components of gamma camera

A diagram showing the major components (PMT, Nal(TI) crystal, collimator, pulse height analysis, position analysis, computer, and display) of a gamma camera, including the connections.

Gamma Camera Components (Detailed)

A diagram illustrating the internal components of a gamma camera, including pre-amplifiers, PMTs, a lucite light pipe, a Nal(TI) crystal, and a collimator, and connecting them.

Collimator

To establish geometric relationships between γ photon sources and the detector (projection imaging).
Affects gamma camera count rate and spatial resolution.

Different parallel hole collimators

LEAP, LEHR, MEAP, HEAP collimators based on energy range for different applications (low energy, low-energy high resolution, medium-energy all-purpose, high-energy all-purpose).

Collimators

Parallel hole, pin-hole, or converging collimators for different purposes.

Scintillation process in detector

Converts γ photons to a number of blue photons.
Number of blue photons proportional to the energy deposited by the y photon.
Examples: 140 keV → 5,000 blue photons, 70 keV → 2,500 blue photons.
Number of blue photons determines the number of electrons liberated.
Electrical pulse height is proportional to the deposited γ photon energy in the crystal.

Desirable Scintillator Properties

High p, Z for high absorption efficiency & detector sensitivity.
High light output for high conversion efficiency.
Improves energy discrimination and spatial resolution.
Light output proportional to energy deposited for linearity.
Transparent to light emissions for increased sensitivity.

Photomultiplier tube (PMT)

Creates and amplifies electrical pulses.
Photocathode (CsSb): converts blue light to electrons.
9-12 dynodes: amplifies electron number (3-6 times).
Anode: collects electrons.
Gain in e⁻ number: ~6 × 10⁷ (very efficient).

Photomultiplier Tube (Functions)

Coupling to the crystal housing using a silicone optical coupling compound.
Converts scintillation light into electrical current pulses.
Converts electrical current pulses to voltage pulses for amplification.

Photomultiplier tube (PMT)

40 to 100 PMTs (diameter ~5 cm) in a modern gamma camera system.
Photocathode directly coupled to the detector or connected using plastic light guides.
Anode connected to electronics in the tube base.
Highly sensitive to magnetic fields.

PMT Function

Multiple (many) PMTs arranged on the crystal surface.
Nearest tube to the scintillation produces the strongest signal.
Further tubes produce proportionally weaker signals.
Signals determine where the photon originated in the body.

Localization Electronics

Analyzing PMT signals into X, Y, and Z pulses.
Z-pulse sums PMT signals, and amplitude is proportional to the energy deposited in the crystal.
X and Y pulses are created by sending PMT signals through resistors.

System layout

A diagram of the components in a nuclear medicine system.

Image Formation (Photopeak)

Focusing a γ-ray to a crystal.
Detecting and counting γ-rays in the photopeak with a efficiency of ~0.02%.

Scatter

Major image degradation source in nuclear medicine.
Increases image noise, reduces lesion contrast.
Windowing suppresses scatter events but not completely.

Scatter in patient

Diagram illustrates scatter, backscatter, energy selection, photopeak, and relative number of counts for patient studies.

Image degradation (Septal penetration)

Diagram illustrates collimator septal penetration affecting image quality.

Image degradation (Simultaneous detections)

Diagram illustrates the causes of image degradation related to simultaneous events.

Image degradation (Scatter)

Diagram illustrates the causes of image degradation due to scatter from the patient.

System spatial resolution

Rsys = Rᵢₙₜ + R₁₂₃
Rᵢₙₜ = intrinsic (detector) resolution
R₁₂₃ = collimator resolution
Rᵢₙₜ typically 2.9–4.5 mm, R₁₂₃ typically 7.4–13.2 mm.
Rsys typically 1 cm

Collimator Resolution

Spatial resolution degrades with increasing pt-collimator distance.

Data acquisition

Collimator matching the radioisotope energy window needed.
Pixel size is ~1/3-to-1/2 of spatial resolution.
Detector size matches the matrix size. Typical matrix sizes include 64 × 64, 128 × 128, and 256 × 256.
Pixel depth of 2 bytes.
Count rate < 20,000/sec.
Patient close to the detector.

Effect of matrix size

Image quality improved in the larger matrix (128 × 128).
64 × 64 matrix shows low image quality.

Planar NM Imaging

General descriptions/illustrations related to planar NM imaging techniques.

Uniformity

Illustrations showing examples of collimator defects, bad PMTs, and energy peak shifts affecting image uniformity.

Bar phantom

Made of lead stripes with different orientations and spacing (in 4 quadrants) to measure extrinsic/intrinsic linearity and spatial resolution.
Used to assess extrinsic (with the collimator) and intrinsic (with the collimator removed) linearity.
The Co-57 sheet source is placed on top of with a Tc-99m point source placed 5 × detector size from the image detector.

Tomographic NM Imaging (SPECT)

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) produces tomographic images.
SPECT uses conventional γ camera projection data at several angles around the patient.
Similar to CT imaging.

SPECT

Using 3D images to remove overlying/underlying activity.
Advantages: better contrast and lesion localization.
Disadvantages: more demanding technically and longer data acquisition time.
More severe image noise.

SPECT data acquisition

Typically using two detectors mounted 180º or 90º on a rotating gantry.
Acquires a sequence of 2D static images at different angular positions (views).
Methods: 180° with two perpendicular detectors or 360° with two opposite detectors, circular/elliptical orbit, closer to the patient results in better spatial resolution.

SPECT image acquisition

Typically using two camera heads rotating around the patient.
Obtaining projections every 3-6 degrees.
Scan time is approximately 15 minutes.
The acquisition/detection matrix is 64 × 64 or 128 × 128.

Data collection: Angular stops

Using 3 to 6 degrees as a common acquisition angle may produce streaking.
More acquisition angles do not improve image quality, and step and shoot acquisition method has slight loss of time but does not produce blurring.

View number for 360º SPECT

The image views' number should match the matrix size.
Example: 128 × 128 matrix yields 128 views, whereas a 64 × 64 matrix results in 64 views.

An image with 128 x 128 matrix

Shows 128 projections, each projection with 128 data points which is equivalent to 128 slice CT of which the data points from each projection are used to create tomographic slices.

Sinogram (for one of many slices)

Diagram illustrates the sinogram creation which maps a set of one-dimensional projection profiles into two-dimensional sinogram space for one of many slices.

Back Projection

Back projection causes blurring of the image in the form of streaks and star-like artifacts.

Filtered Back Projection

Suppresses blurring through filtering the projections.
High-pass filtering (ramp filter) supresses blurring.

Filtered Back Projection (of noiseless data)

Illustration shows examples of filtered back-projection results for 2, 4, and 256 angles, with noiseless data to demonstrate the sharpening effect by filtering.

Filter

Applied filter is the product of ramp and user-selected/characterized filters (Shepp-Logan, Hahn, Butterworth, Wiener, Hamming, Hanning).

Selection of Filters for SPECT

Filters trade noise for resolution in SPECT.
No standard way to optimize filter selection.
Patient to patient variation and physician preferences also alter filter type selection.
Vendor recommendations are frequently used.

Iterative Reconstruction (IR)

Filtered back projection (FBP) has limitations.
Attenuation, Compton scatter corrections are needed because of noise.
Optimized reconstruction algorithms like ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) are used.

Iterative Reconstruction

Slower compared to filtered back-projection.
Commonly used in PET scans, being increasingly applied to SPECT scans.

Image recon - Iterative (OSEM)

Diagram shows/illustrates an image reconstruction algorithm (OSEM) processing steps, e.g., comparison of projections, update estimates, forward projections.
The number of iterations (I) and number of subsets (S) affect image quality: increasing I/S leads to higher noise but also sharper images.

Iterative reconstruction algorithms

Iteration 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 are examples of steps in an algorithm.

Brain Phantom

Images illustrate the comparison between filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction with Ordered Subsets Expectation Maximization (OSEM) used to process brain phantom images.

Non-filter Noise Factors

Collimator, Matrix (64 × 64 or 128 × 128), Slice thickness, Time per stop/number of stops, and administered dose are non-filter factors.

Data Collection: Counts

Activity in the patient.
Time per stop.
Number of stops.

Attenuation Correction

Attenuation is an issue in radionuclide imaging.
Correction is needed for accurate lesion activity assessment in nuclear images where the photon path length from source to detector is through the body.

Uniform phantom with evenly distributed 99mTc

Illustrations show uniform phantom images with and without attenuation, demonstrating the need for attenuation correction to produce uniform images.

SPECT/CT

Combining SPECT and CT scans in a single device.

Patient Studies

Advantages: No overlapping structures, 3D lesion locations, and fusion with high-resolution (CT, MRI) images.
Disadvantages: Time-consuming and images are noisy.

Introduction to the physics of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

General introduction to PET imaging techniques.

Biograph Vision Quadra™

A brand of medical imaging equipment from SIEMENS Healthineers.

Gamma Camera Components

Illustrations demonstrating the parts of a gamma imaging system: stationary gantry, rotating gantry, detectors, and the patient table.

PET Scanner Components

Diagram illustrating the elements (gantry, detector ring, and acquisition/processing station, and patient table) of a PET scanner.

PET/CT Scanner

Diagram showing the typical composition of components of a PET/CT scanner: gantry, PET detector ring and CT module.

The PET/CT Power..

The power of combined CT (anatomical) and PET (functional) images for diagnostic purposes, e.g., presence of a lesion.

Anatomic and Functional Imaging

CT (anatomical) and NM (functional) images to provide complementary diagnostic information.

Effective dose of NM procedures

A table listing the effective dose values for various nuclear medicine procedures.

Dose Limits

A table describing occupational and general public radiation exposure limits for various applications.

SPECT & PET

Describing resolution and simultaneous acquisition in SPECT and PET technologies.

Advantages of PET over SPECT

Superior spatial resolution, higher sensitivity, and attenuation correction benefits make PET more advanced than SPECT.

Limitation of Functional Imaging

Limited spatial resolution, poor signal-to-noise ratio.
Poor uptake of radiotracer in the diseased condition.

Medical imaging techniques

An example or illustrations of anatomical, functional, and hybrid imaging techniques.

Fusing Anatomy and Function

Hand-drawn, visual, and hardware methods of combining anatomical (CT) and functional (NM) images.

History of dual-modality imaging

History of combining SPECT and CT in a single device, in particular the first prototype and commercial devices.

Gamma Camera Components (revisited)

Components of a stationary/rotating gantry, detectors/acquisition and processing stations, along with illustrations.

PET Scanner Components (Revisited)

Various components (gantry, detector ring, patient table, and acquisition/ processing station) and their function in a PET scanner are described through various illustrations, and diagrams are provided.

PET/CT Scanner (revisited)

Illustration of the components of a PET/CT scanner, including gantry, PET detectors, and CT modules.

PET/CT Power...

Illustrating the combined use of CT (anatomical) and PET (functional) images for detecting/diagnosing a lesion.

Anatomic and Functional Imaging (revisited)

Combining CT (anatomical) and NM (functional) images in tandem is better than either alone to diagnose or analyze medical conditions.

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Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts and developments in Nuclear Medicine. This quiz covers important discoveries, technologies, and the distinctions between various imaging modalities like PET and SPECT. Perfect for students and professionals seeking to deepen their understanding of this field.