Intro to Nuclear Medicine
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called when a neutron in a nucleus converts into a proton and emits an electron and antineutrino?

  • β− decay (correct)
  • β+ decay
  • Proton emission
  • Electron capture

    • What type of decay occurs when a proton in a nucleus converts into a neutron and emits a positron and a neutrino?

  • Proton emission
  • β− decay
  • β+ decay (correct)
  • Electron capture

    • What is the process called when a nucleus emits a neutron directly?

  • Proton emission
  • Neutron emission (correct)
  • Electron capture
  • β− decay

    • What type of decay occurs when a nucleus captures an orbital electron and converts a proton into a neutron, emitting a neutrino?

    <p>Electron capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nucleus having a low N/Z ratio?

    <p>Proton-rich nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nucleus emitting a proton directly?

    <p>More stable nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decay has a competing process to β− decay?

    <p>Neutron emission decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in atomic mass number A in neutron emission decay?

    <p>Decreases by 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiolabels are used for positron emission tomography (PET)?

    <p>Positron emitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of lithium-5 decaying into helium-4 through proton emission?

    <p>10^(-21) s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a proton is emitted from a nucleus?

    <p>The atomic number Z decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of helium-5 decaying into helium-4 through neutron emission?

    <p>8×10^(-22) s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on atomic number Z and atomic mass number A in proton emission decay?

    <p>Z decreases by 1, and A decreases by 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decay is more common than proton emission decay?

    <p>β+ decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on the number of neutrons in proton emission decay?

    <p>The number of neutrons remains the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the emission of an electron from the outermost shell of an atom?

    <p>Electron capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on the stability of a nucleus in proton emission decay?

    <p>The nucleus becomes more stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nuclides are likely to undergo proton emission decay?

    <p>Heavy, very proton-rich nuclides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the unstability of a nucleus with a low N/Z ratio?

    <p>The number of protons is greater than the number of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclei is likely to be stable?

    <p>A nucleus with 20 protons and 20 neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines the type of decay process a radionuclide will undergo?

    <p>The N/Z ratio of the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nucleus having a high N/Z ratio?

    <p>The nucleus is less stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclei is most likely to undergo a decay process?

    <p>A nucleus with 20 protons and 30 neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decay competes with α decay in very large atomic mass number nuclides?

    <p>Spontaneous fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiopharmaceutical decay is characterized by the emission of pure gamma rays with no subsequent change in the nucleus?

    <p>Ideal gamma decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decay results in a transformation of a neutron into a proton?

    <p>β− decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nuclides are likely to undergo β decay?

    <p>Neutron-rich nuclides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an ideal radiopharmaceutical in terms of its physical half-life?

    <p>It should be very short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation on the creation of new elements with high atomic numbers?

    <p>Spontaneous fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decay is most likely to occur in very proton-rich nuclides?

    <p>Proton emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of spontaneous fission in terms of atomic number and atomic mass number?

    <p>Z decreases, A decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decay is a competing process to alpha decay in terms of nuclear stability?

    <p>Spontaneous fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the parent and daughter nuclides in proton emission decay?

    <p>Isotones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ideal characteristic of a radiopharmaceutical?

    <p>Having a high activity per unit mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a nucleus emits a gamma ray?

    <p>No change in the atomic number or atomic mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which isotope is more likely to be radioactive?

    <p>Astatine-210</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desirable property of a radiopharmaceutical?

    <p>Being able to localize quickly at the target site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an ideal radiopharmaceutical?

    <p>Decaying into a more stable daughter nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition required for beta decay to occur?

    <p>The binding energy of the parent nucleus exceeds the binding energy of the daughter nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using radionuclides decaying by β− decay in medicine?

    <p>For external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the decay of an unstable daughter nucleus formed through beta decay?

    <p>It emits gamma-ray photons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following radionuclides is commonly used for radiotherapy?

    <p>Cobalt 60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a parent nucleus undergoes beta decay?

    <p>It converts into an excited daughter nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the excited daughter nucleus formed through beta decay?

    <p>It decays into its ground state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is beta decay possible in certain nuclei?

    <p>Because the binding energy of the daughter nucleus exceeds the binding energy of the parent nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of cobalt 60?

    <p>5.26 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of beta decay in medicine?

    <p>It produces gamma-ray photons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process involved in the decay of an unstable daughter nucleus formed through beta decay?

    <p>Emission of gamma-ray photons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for radioactive decay in unstable nuclei?

    <p>To reach a more stable nuclear configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decay involves the emission of heavier nuclei?

    <p>Spontaneous fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a nucleus with a high N/Z ratio?

    <p>Neutron rich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decay involves the emission of α particles?

    <p>Alpha decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend for N/Z in low atomic number elements?

    <p>N/Z is approximately equal to 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nucleus having an extremely high N/Z ratio?

    <p>It emits a neutron directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the α-particle emitted in α decay?

    <p>It has a very stable configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of β+ decay in a nucleus?

    <p>The number of protons increases by 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between β− decay and electron capture?

    <p>One involves conversion of a proton to a neutron and the other involves conversion of a neutron to a proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nucleus having a low N/Z ratio?

    <p>It decays through electron capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Above which nucleon number A does a stable nucleus typically require more neutrons than protons?

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the instability of an atomic nucleus?

    <p>An imbalance between the number of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decay involves the emission of a positron and a neutrino?

    <p>Beta+ decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nucleus emitting an alpha particle?

    <p>A decrease in both atomic number and atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a nucleus with a high N/Z ratio?

    <p>It is likely to be highly unstable and undergo radioactive decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which nuclides is spontaneous fission a possible decay process?

    <p>Those with a large atomic mass number (A &gt; 230)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of proton emission decay in terms of atomic number?

    <p>Atomic number decreases by 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decay is characterized by the emission of alpha particles?

    <p>Alpha decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transformation that occurs in β- decay?

    <p>A proton is converted into a neutron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a slight imbalance in the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus?

    <p>The nucleus undergoes beta decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a nucleus with a high N/Z ratio?

    <p>It is likely to undergo beta decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decay involves the emission of a positron and a neutrino?

    <p>Beta plus decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the competing process to alpha decay in terms of nuclear stability?

    <p>Spontaneous fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a nucleus emits a gamma ray?

    <p>There is no change in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decay is more likely to occur in very proton-rich nuclides?

    <p>Proton emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of spontaneous fission in terms of atomic number and atomic mass number?

    <p>A decrease in both atomic number and atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of decay does a proton change into a neutron, emitting a positron and a neutrino?

    <p>Beta+ decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of alpha decay in terms of the nucleus?

    <p>A decrease in atomic number and atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the instability of a nucleus with a high N/Z ratio?

    <p>An excess of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of proton emission decay in terms of the nucleus?

    <p>No change in atomic number and a decrease in atomic mass number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of spontaneous fission on the half-life of a nucleus with a high atomic mass number?

    <p>It decreases the half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a proton is emitted from a radionuclide in proton emission decay?

    <p>The atomic number Z decreases by 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decay is a competing process to alpha decay in very large atomic mass number nuclides?

    <p>Spontaneous fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of proton emission decay in terms of the parent and daughter nuclei?

    <p>The parent and daughter are isotones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation on the creation of new elements with high atomic numbers?

    <p>Spontaneous fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nucleus having a high N/Z ratio in terms of stability?

    <p>It is less stable and undergoes β+ decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decay conserves the number of protons and neutrons?

    <p>α decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a direct emission of a neutron from a nucleus?

    <p>The nucleus becomes more stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process involved in β− decay?

    <p>Conversion of a neutron into a proton and emission of an electron and antineutrino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nucleus having an extremely low N/Z ratio?

    <p>It undergoes electron capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary condition for β decay to occur in a nucleus?

    <p>The binding energy of the daughter nucleus exceeds the binding energy of the parent nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of β− decay in medicine?

    <p>The parent nuclide decays into an excited daughter nuclide, which then decays into its ground state, emitting γ-ray photons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cobalt 60 radionuclide used in radiotherapy?

    <p>It has a half-life of 5.26 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the excited daughter nucleus formed through beta decay?

    <p>It decays into its ground state, emitting γ-ray photons or internal conversion electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the competing process to β− decay in terms of nuclear stability?

    <p>Electron capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a nucleus having a high N/Z ratio?

    <p>The nucleus is less stable and may undergo β− decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a nucleus captures an orbital electron and converts a proton into a neutron, emitting a neutrino?

    <p>Electron capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a nucleus with a low N/Z ratio?

    <p>The nucleus is less stable and may undergo β+ decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the instability of an atomic nucleus?

    <p>An imbalance in the number of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a proton in a nucleus converts into a neutron and emits a positron and a neutrino?

    <p>Beta plus decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

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