NSG 309 Environmental Health Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is needed for sustainable development in Nigeria?

Irresponsible management of natural resources

Usage of only renewable resources

Rational management and use of natural resources (correct)

Focus solely on economic growth

Which of the following is included in the biological environment?

Only human species

Only plants and animals

Micro-organisms, fauna, and flora (correct)

Man-made structures

What negative practice can most harm the biological environment?

Farming with diverse crops

Deforestation and desertification (correct)

Conservation efforts

Sustainable fishing

How does the socio-cultural environment influence conservation practices?

It may determine positive or negative conservation practices. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an environmental hazard in Nigeria?

Indiscriminate dumping of hazardous wastes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes significantly to negative human impact on the environment in Nigeria?

Overpopulation and rapid urbanization (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which agricultural practice can adversely affect the environment?

Indiscriminate use of agrochemicals (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of haphazard industrialization?

Indiscriminate dumping of wastes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hazard is most complex and numerous?

Chemical hazards (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a biological hazard?

Pathogens (B) Signup and view all the answers

What makes socio-cultural hazards difficult to measure?

They are ill-defined and amorphous (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chemical hazard?

Heavy metals (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which example corresponds to a physical hazard?

Ionizing radiation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of hazard involves factors like occupation and lifestyle?

Socio-cultural hazards (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents a biological hazard related to vectors?

Mosquitoes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a socio-cultural hazard?

Unhealthy habits (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of services does secondary health care provide?

Specialized services for referred patients (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an indicator commonly used to estimate health status in relation to environmental quality?

Crude birth rate (CBR) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which health care level provides highly specialized services through university teaching hospitals?

Tertiary health care (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a socioeconomic indicator of health?

Infant mortality rate (IMR) (B) Signup and view all the answers

At which levels of the state is secondary health care available?

District, division, and zonal levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

What affects the values of health indicators like infant mortality and life expectancy?

Technological advancement and economic strength (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indicator of environmental degradation?

Levels of air, water, and soil pollution (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does community mobilization play in health care policies?

It fosters community participation and collaboration (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant environmental medium through which people can be exposed to health hazards?

The air we breathe (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines air pollution?

The introduction of excessive substances that impair health (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for water to be considered potable?

It must be tasteless, odourless, and free of pathogens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to air pollution aside from human activities?

Natural sources of pollution (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes hypoxia?

A condition of low oxygen in the blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when water is polluted?

It may become unsafe for drinking and other uses (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which regions of Nigeria is water quality described as being notably good?

Southern Region with abundant freshwater sources (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of air pollution on human health?

Adverse health impacts including respiratory issues (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is associated with food poisoning from milk and dairy products?

Staphylococcus aureus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a viral infection that can contaminate seafood?

Hepatitis A (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a cause of food poisoning from seafood?

Tuberculosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which parasitic infection is typically transmitted through food?

Giardiasis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of foodborne illness is salmonellosis?

Bacterial (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with contamination from shellfish?

Cholera (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is commonly associated with food poisoning related to seafood?

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What illness is characterized by symptoms from contaminated food and is caused by a virus?

Hepatitis A (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the personal preventive measures for Onchocerciasis?

Avoid fast-flowing streams or rivers (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a community preventive measure for Onchocerciasis?

Spray blackfly breeding sites with insecticide (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of diseases do programs like the National Malaria Control Programme specifically target?

Specific diseases like malaria (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a method of control for Onchocerciasis?

Increased water storage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is mectizan (Ivermectin) used for in relation to Onchocerciasis?

To prevent or cure blindness from the disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common target of the Nigerian Guinea worm Eradication programme?

Water-borne diseases (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is included in the mentioned control programs?

Onchocerciasis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an important action in community education regarding Onchocerciasis?

Educating on causes, prevention, and control (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Environmental Health Lecture Notes

This booklet is an extraction from a 1995 Nigerian Conservation Foundation textbook on environment and health.
The book was compiled by Olaniran N.S., Akpan E.A., Ikpeme E.E., and Udoffa G.A.
It's an encyclopedia on environment and health in developing nations.
It analyzes how African environments impact health and discusses ways to improve environmental health.
The booklet is a summary of the syllabus for the NSG 309 Environmental Health course at LAUTECH Ogbomoso (2013).
It's not for sale and is intended for student use only.
Students should consult the original book for more information.

Introduction

Human environment is closely linked with quality of life and health status.
Developing nations like those in sub-Saharan Africa lack sufficient environmental conservation awareness.

Environment

Environment is defined as the immediate surrounding conditions, circumstances, and influences affecting an organism or group of organisms.
It includes land, water, air, and other natural and manmade structures.
The physical environment includes air, water, land.
The biological environment encompasses living organisms (plants, animals, humans, microorganisms).
The socio-cultural environment impacts human behavior, beliefs, and practices, often significantly influencing environmental health.

Nature and Types of Environment

Environment can be physical, biological, or socio-cultural
Physical environment comprises non-living components (air, water, land).
Biological environment includes all living things (man, animals, plants).
Socio-cultural environment includes human behaviour, beliefs, and values.

National Policy on the Environment

FEPA (1989) published a national policy on the environment.
The policy aims for sustainable development by ensuring proper environmental management.
Specific goals related to conservation, biodiversity, and the needs of future generations.
Strategies for achieving the objectives (protection and enhancement of human health, planning and management of land use, water resources, and environmental management).

Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
Health status can be indicated through various indicators (e.g., crude birth rate, infant mortality rate).
This varies amongst countries, with developed nations generally having better indicators than developing nations like Nigeria.

Environmental Health Hazards

A hazard is a substance, object, equipment, agent, or behaviour that could cause injury, disease, disability, or death.
Hazards exist in physical, biological, chemical, and socio-cultural environments.
Categorisation of hazards into different types (physical, biological, chemical, and sociocultural/psychosocial).
Specific examples of hazards are presented (noise, dust, certain types of radiation, pathogens, chemicals, socio-cultural behaviours, and so on).

Environmental Media

Environmental media are the pathways through which hazards can directly or indirectly cause negative health outcomes.
These media include air, water, food, soil, and direct contact.

Water Pollution and Health

Water pollution exists when hazardous substances reach excessive levels, making it unsuitable for consumption and use.
Water quality is vital for health and impacts human activities. Some specific examples were given.
Quantity and quality of water directly impacts human health.

Food Quality and Health

Food quality, including hygiene, is essential for health.
Food contamination can result from water and air contamination, microbial contamination, or food preparation practices.
A table of food-borne diseases exists in the document.

Prevention and Control of Environmental Diseases

Prevention and control of diseases are necessary to address the effects of environment on human health.
There are some specific approaches and programs detailed for preventing environmental diseases.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from the NSG 309 Environmental Health course at LAUTECH Ogbomoso. It emphasizes the relationship between environment and health in developing nations, drawing on insights from a 1995 textbook by notable authors. Dive into the environmental challenges and health implications faced by sub-Saharan Africa.