Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following drugs is contraindicated for patients with glaucoma?
Which of the following drugs is contraindicated for patients with glaucoma?
Which of these drugs is chiefly found in the shrub hyoscyamus niger?
Which of these drugs is chiefly found in the shrub hyoscyamus niger?
What is the mechanism of action for atropine?
What is the mechanism of action for atropine?
Which scientist put cycloplegic refraction into scientific basis?
Which scientist put cycloplegic refraction into scientific basis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cycloplegic agent has a greater weight than atropine?
Which cycloplegic agent has a greater weight than atropine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cycloplegic drug was introduced into clinical practice in 1951?
Which cycloplegic drug was introduced into clinical practice in 1951?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the largest class of NSAIDs with both anti-inflammatory and analgesic uses?
What is the largest class of NSAIDs with both anti-inflammatory and analgesic uses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Generic name of the commonly used non salicylate NSAIDs that was specifically developed to facilitate absorption to reach a peak plasma level rapidly?
What is the Generic name of the commonly used non salicylate NSAIDs that was specifically developed to facilitate absorption to reach a peak plasma level rapidly?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug is often the first drug used for management of mild to moderate pain and can also be beneficial in more severe pain when used as an adjunct to narcotic analgesics?
Which drug is often the first drug used for management of mild to moderate pain and can also be beneficial in more severe pain when used as an adjunct to narcotic analgesics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a traditional adjuvant in many analgesic combinations and may be beneficial in the treatment of certain vascular headache syndromes?
What is a traditional adjuvant in many analgesic combinations and may be beneficial in the treatment of certain vascular headache syndromes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pain reliever is the standard opioid but unsuitable for outpatients due to side effects, abuse, and addiction risks?
Which pain reliever is the standard opioid but unsuitable for outpatients due to side effects, abuse, and addiction risks?
Signup and view all the answers
Pain relievers that reduce pain by blocking certain substances that cause pain and inflammation in the body are classified as:
Pain relievers that reduce pain by blocking certain substances that cause pain and inflammation in the body are classified as:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary choice of drugs for treating severe acute pain?
What is the primary choice of drugs for treating severe acute pain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which opioid analgesic is often combined with acetaminophen or aspirin?
Which opioid analgesic is often combined with acetaminophen or aspirin?
Signup and view all the answers
What makes the appropriate alternative to aspirin for treatment of mild to moderate pain based on their analgesic efficacy and safety profiles?
What makes the appropriate alternative to aspirin for treatment of mild to moderate pain based on their analgesic efficacy and safety profiles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of drugs primarily work to relieve pain?
Which class of drugs primarily work to relieve pain?
Signup and view all the answers
A drug that can boost the pain-relieving effects of opioids is:
A drug that can boost the pain-relieving effects of opioids is:
Signup and view all the answers
What is often the first drug used for management of mild to moderate pain, and can also be beneficial in more severe pain when used with narcotic analgesics?
What is often the first drug used for management of mild to moderate pain, and can also be beneficial in more severe pain when used with narcotic analgesics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which layer of the tear film is a thin polar portion adjacent to the tear-aqueous layer that reduces evaporation of the tear film?
Which layer of the tear film is a thin polar portion adjacent to the tear-aqueous layer that reduces evaporation of the tear film?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the aqueous layer of the tear film?
What is the purpose of the aqueous layer of the tear film?
Signup and view all the answers
According to which organization is dry eye defined as a disorder of the tear film resulting from tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation, leading to damage to the interpalpebral ocular surface and accompanied by symptoms of ocular discomfort?
According to which organization is dry eye defined as a disorder of the tear film resulting from tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation, leading to damage to the interpalpebral ocular surface and accompanied by symptoms of ocular discomfort?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following polymers are commonly used in artificial tears?
Which of the following polymers are commonly used in artificial tears?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group of polymers are made of cellulose or vegetable gums?
Which group of polymers are made of cellulose or vegetable gums?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is classified as a parasympathomimetic agent and exhibits a muscarinic secretagogue effect?
Which medication is classified as a parasympathomimetic agent and exhibits a muscarinic secretagogue effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the causative agent that can cause hyperpurulent conjunctivitis and invade the cornea and the rest of the eye quickly?
What is the causative agent that can cause hyperpurulent conjunctivitis and invade the cornea and the rest of the eye quickly?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug inhibits bacterial cell wall by interfering with the movement of a precursor of peptidoglycan from the cytoplasm to the cell wall?
Which drug inhibits bacterial cell wall by interfering with the movement of a precursor of peptidoglycan from the cytoplasm to the cell wall?
Signup and view all the answers
What specifically does Bacitracin inhibit in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall?
What specifically does Bacitracin inhibit in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug acts by inhibiting the enzymes known as transpeptidases that create peptide cross-linkages in the bacterial cell wall?
Which drug acts by inhibiting the enzymes known as transpeptidases that create peptide cross-linkages in the bacterial cell wall?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of medication is a cationic detergent or surfactant that disrupts the osmotic integrity of bacterial cell membranes?
What type of medication is a cationic detergent or surfactant that disrupts the osmotic integrity of bacterial cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Polymyxin B kill bacterial cells?
How does Polymyxin B kill bacterial cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Glaucoma and Drug Contraindications
- Certain drugs are contraindicated for glaucoma patients due to their potential to increase intraocular pressure.
Hyoscyamus Niger
- The shrub Hyoscyamus niger is chiefly associated with the drug atropine.
Atropine Mechanism of Action
- Atropine functions as a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.
Cycloplegic Refraction
- Cycloplegic refraction was scientifically established by Sir William H. Bates.
Cycloplegic Agents
- Homatropine, a cycloplegic agent, has a greater molecular weight compared to atropine.
Clinical Use of Cycloplegic Drugs
- Cyclopentolate, introduced into clinical practice in 1951, is an important cycloplegic agent.
NSAIDs Classification
- The largest class of NSAIDs includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs providing both anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
Non-Salicylate NSAIDs
- The generic name of a common non-salicylate NSAID designed for rapid absorption is ibuprofen.
Pain Management Drugs
- Acetaminophen is often the first choice for managing mild to moderate pain and enhances the effects of narcotic analgesics in severe pain.
Traditional Adjuvant Analgesics
- Caffeine is a traditional adjuvant commonly included in analgesic combinations, beneficial for certain vascular headache syndromes.
Opioid Standards
- Morphine is considered the standard opioid but is not suitable for outpatient use due to side effects, abuse, and addiction risks.
Pain Reliever Classification
- Pain relievers classified as analgesics work by blocking specific substances responsible for pain and inflammation in the body.
Severe Acute Pain Treatment
- Opioids are the primary choice for treating severe acute pain.
Opioid Combinations
- Codeine is often combined with acetaminophen or aspirin for enhanced analgesic effects.
Aspirin Alternatives
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications like ibuprofen serve as appropriate alternatives to aspirin for treating mild to moderate pain.
Pain Relief Drug Class
- Analgesics primarily work to relieve pain.
Enhancing Opioid Effects
- Adjuvant medications like gabapentin can enhance the pain-relieving effects of opioids.
Tear Film Composition
- The lipid layer of the tear film is a thin polar portion that reduces evaporation of the tear film.
Aqueous Layer Function
- The aqueous layer of the tear film provides moisture and protection to the ocular surface.
Dry Eye Definition
- Dry eye is defined by the Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society as a disorder caused by tear deficiency or excessive evaporation, leading to ocular surface damage and discomfort.
Artificial Tear Polymers
- Commonly used polymers in artificial tears include cellulose derivatives and synthetic lubricants.
Cellulose-Based Polymers
- Cellulose or vegetable gums are part of the group of polymers used in artificial tears.
Parasympathomimetic Medications
- Pilocarpine is classified as a parasympathomimetic agent with muscarinic secretagogue effects.
Hyperpurulent Conjunctivitis Causative Agent
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae can cause hyperpurulent conjunctivitis, rapidly invading the cornea.
Bacterial Cell Wall Inhibition
- Bacitracin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by interfering with the movement of peptidoglycan precursors.
Transpeptidase Inhibition
- Penicillin acts by inhibiting transpeptidases, enzymes responsible for peptide cross-linkages in bacterial cell walls.
Cationic Detergents in Bactericidal Activity
- Polymyxin B is classified as a cationic detergent that disrupts bacterial cell membrane integrity through surfactant action.
Killing Mechanism of Polymyxin B
- Polymyxin B kills bacteria by disrupting osmotic integrity, leading to cell lysis.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) including drug classification and common uses. Identify the largest class of NSAIDs, generic names of non-salicylate NSAIDs, and their absorption properties. Explore the uses of NSAIDs in both anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatments.
