Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who was the first European explorer to likely sight Labrador?
Who was the first European explorer to likely sight Labrador?
What was the primary reason the Norse did not establish permanent settlements in North America?
What was the primary reason the Norse did not establish permanent settlements in North America?
Which year did John Cabot reach Newfoundland on his voyage?
Which year did John Cabot reach Newfoundland on his voyage?
What significant resource did John Cabot find in Newfoundland that influenced future fishing expeditions?
What significant resource did John Cabot find in Newfoundland that influenced future fishing expeditions?
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What was Gaspar Corte-Real commissioned to find?
What was Gaspar Corte-Real commissioned to find?
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Which explorer did King Francis I commission in 1524 to explore the Atlantic coast?
Which explorer did King Francis I commission in 1524 to explore the Atlantic coast?
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During Cartier's first voyage in 1534, what was one of his main objectives?
During Cartier's first voyage in 1534, what was one of his main objectives?
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Which conflict negatively impacted France's exploration efforts during the early 16th century?
Which conflict negatively impacted France's exploration efforts during the early 16th century?
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What did Verrazzano mistakenly identify while exploring the coastline of South Carolina?
What did Verrazzano mistakenly identify while exploring the coastline of South Carolina?
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Which group was primarily involved in deep sea whaling along with fishing expeditions?
Which group was primarily involved in deep sea whaling along with fishing expeditions?
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What was Cartier's main aim during his first voyage to North America?
What was Cartier's main aim during his first voyage to North America?
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Which settlement did Champlain establish in 1608?
Which settlement did Champlain establish in 1608?
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What was one reason for the failure of early French settlements in Canada?
What was one reason for the failure of early French settlements in Canada?
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What did Cartier mistakenly believe about the Kingdom of Saguenay?
What did Cartier mistakenly believe about the Kingdom of Saguenay?
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Why did de Monts explore the Maritimes instead of focusing on the St. Lawrence area?
Why did de Monts explore the Maritimes instead of focusing on the St. Lawrence area?
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What significant action did Champlain take to solidify alliances with the Montagnais?
What significant action did Champlain take to solidify alliances with the Montagnais?
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What was the main outcome of Cartier's attempt to kidnap the sons of Chief Donnacona?
What was the main outcome of Cartier's attempt to kidnap the sons of Chief Donnacona?
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Which factor contributed to the decline of French interest in North America for over 50 years?
Which factor contributed to the decline of French interest in North America for over 50 years?
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What was the first main fur-trading center established by the French?
What was the first main fur-trading center established by the French?
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During which expeditions did Martin Frobisher lead attempts to find the northwest passage?
During which expeditions did Martin Frobisher lead attempts to find the northwest passage?
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What was a primary reason Indigenous people initially engaged in fur trade according to George Hammell?
What was a primary reason Indigenous people initially engaged in fur trade according to George Hammell?
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According to Calvin Martin, how did Natives perceive their involvement in the fur trade during the seventeenth century?
According to Calvin Martin, how did Natives perceive their involvement in the fur trade during the seventeenth century?
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What was one goal of the Company of One Hundred Associates created in 1627?
What was one goal of the Company of One Hundred Associates created in 1627?
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Which missionary group was more successful in their endeavors among Indigenous people by the late 1630s?
Which missionary group was more successful in their endeavors among Indigenous people by the late 1630s?
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What significant event led to the downfall of the Company of One Hundred Associates?
What significant event led to the downfall of the Company of One Hundred Associates?
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Why was the Sillery reserve established in 1637?
Why was the Sillery reserve established in 1637?
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What was a primary challenge faced by religious missions aiming to convert Indigenous people?
What was a primary challenge faced by religious missions aiming to convert Indigenous people?
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What prompted the establishment of the Society of Our Lady for the conversion of the Indians?
What prompted the establishment of the Society of Our Lady for the conversion of the Indians?
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What was a major factor discouraging immigration to the St. Lawrence or New France?
What was a major factor discouraging immigration to the St. Lawrence or New France?
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Who ultimately took over the fur trade after the decline of the Company of One Hundred Associates?
Who ultimately took over the fur trade after the decline of the Company of One Hundred Associates?
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Study Notes
Norse Exploration
- Norse (Vikings) were the first Europeans to explore Canada.
- 980s: Eric the Red settled in Greenland.
- 986: Bjarni Herjolfsson sighted likely Labrador.
- About 1001: Leif Ericson explored Vinland (between Labrador and Florida).
- Norse explored Baffin and Ellesmere islands, Newfoundland (L'Anse aux Meadows).
- Traded with Indigenous peoples but conflicts led to abandonment of settlements by the mid-15th century.
- Norse abandoned Greenland by the mid-15th century.
John Cabot
- Late 15th Century: Europeans sought new lands, riches, and a faster trade route to Asia.
- England's Henry VI commissioned John Cabot to find a northern route to Asia.
- 1497: Cabot reached Newfoundland, found cod, and entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence (believing it was a passage to Asia).
- 1498: King Henry instructed Cabot to return.
- Cabot's voyage publicized Newfoundland's cod fishing, leading to hundreds of European ships annually fishing there by the mid-16th century.
Portuguese Exploration
- 1500: Gaspar Corte-Real searched for a Northwest Passage.
- Unsuccessful but captured 57 Indigenous peoples for slave trade.
- Joao Fagundes may have established a colony in the Maritimes two decades later.
French Exploration
- 1524: King Francis I sent Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the Atlantic coast.
- Verrazzano explored from South Carolina to Newfoundland, seeking the Northwest Passage.
- 1534: Cartier's First Voyage - found the Gulf of St. Lawrence and met Iroquoian-speakers.
- Cartier kidnapped Chief Donnacona's sons to bring to France.
Cartier's Second Voyage (1535-36)
- Cartier returned to Stadacona (Quebec City).
- Explored further up the St. Lawrence.
- Reached Hochelaga (Montreal).
- Discovered rapids, ending navigation.
- Heard stories of "Kingdom of Saguenay" (likely misinterpreted reports of copper deposits).
- Wintered in Stadacona and most of crew died of scurvy.
- Indigenous peoples treated remaining crew for scurvy..
- Cartier kidnapped Donnacona and others.
Cartier-Roberval Voyage (1541-42)
- 1541-42: Cartier sailed ahead of Roberval.
- Roberval's group resettled Cartier's settlement, but scurvy and Indigenous hostility forced their return in 1543.
English and French Explorations (1576-1627)
- English continued searching for Northwest Passage (Martin Frobisher, John Davis, Henry Hudson).
- Mid 16th C Later 1500s: renewed French interest due to end of religious wars, colonization, fur trade.
- French involved in fur trade, with Tadoussac as a major trading center.
Early Failed French Settlements
- King Henry IV granted Marquis de la Roche a trading monopoly in Canada in 1598.
- La Roche's settlement on Sable Island failed in 1603.
- Chauvin de Tonnetuit's settlement at Tadoussac failed in 1600.
New French Initiatives
- 1603: Pierre de Monts granted a trade monopoly.
- Established Port Royal (Nova Scotia).
- 1608: Champlain established Quebec.
Champlain's Leadership and New Alliances
- Champlain allied with Montagnais in defense against Iroquois.
- Made trade agreements with the Huron (became middlemen).
Motivation for Indigenous Trade
- Diverse theories on Indigenous motivations: cultural, religious, practical, economic.
- Champlain's vision for New France: Towns, diversified economy, search for Northwest Passage.
New France's Founding
- 1627: Company of One Hundred Associates established to bring settlers and develop the colony.
- English captured Quebec in 1629, but returned in 1632.
Early Missions
- Recollect and Jesuit priests worked to convert Indigenous peoples, but enrollment was low initially.
- Ursulines established a girls' school (1639).
- Sillery Reserve (1637) for Indigenous families, but faced challenges after 1656.
Montreal's Origins
- Ville-Marie (Montreal) founded in 1642.
- Fur trade became crucial in Montreal's development.
New Monopoly
- 1645: Company of Habitants formed, taking over fur trade.
Factors discouraging immigration to New France
- Iroquois attacks.
- Harsh climate.
- Lack of economic opportunities.
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Description
Explore the significant explorations of the Norse and John Cabot in Canada. Learn about the Viking settlements in Greenland, Eric the Red, and the early encounters with Indigenous peoples. Discover how Cabot's voyages in the late 15th century shaped the fishing industry in Newfoundland.
