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Questions and Answers
Who was the first European explorer to likely sight Labrador?
Who was the first European explorer to likely sight Labrador?
What was the main intention behind John Cabot's expedition?
What was the main intention behind John Cabot's expedition?
What was the outcome of Cartier's first voyage in 1534?
What was the outcome of Cartier's first voyage in 1534?
What motivated Portuguese exploration in the early 1500s?
What motivated Portuguese exploration in the early 1500s?
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What did Cartier mistakenly believe about the Kingdom of Saguenay?
What did Cartier mistakenly believe about the Kingdom of Saguenay?
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What significant goal did King Francis I have when he sent Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524?
What significant goal did King Francis I have when he sent Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524?
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What did Cartier's second voyage ultimately reveal about the route he was seeking?
What did Cartier's second voyage ultimately reveal about the route he was seeking?
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What outcome resulted from the Norse interactions with Indigenous peoples?
What outcome resulted from the Norse interactions with Indigenous peoples?
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What did Cartier do with the chief Donnacona and others during his voyages?
What did Cartier do with the chief Donnacona and others during his voyages?
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What notable event occurred after Cabot's voyage publicized cod fishing opportunities?
What notable event occurred after Cabot's voyage publicized cod fishing opportunities?
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What was one reason for the poor enrollment of Native students in schools established by Jesuits and Recollects?
What was one reason for the poor enrollment of Native students in schools established by Jesuits and Recollects?
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Which group was primarily responsible for the establishment of Ville-Marie, now known as Montreal?
Which group was primarily responsible for the establishment of Ville-Marie, now known as Montreal?
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What challenges did the Sillery reserve face in the 1640s?
What challenges did the Sillery reserve face in the 1640s?
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What was the role of the Company of Habitants formed in 1645?
What was the role of the Company of Habitants formed in 1645?
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Who led the Ursulines in establishing a school for French and Native girls?
Who led the Ursulines in establishing a school for French and Native girls?
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What factor greatly contributed to the establishment of Montreal as a colony?
What factor greatly contributed to the establishment of Montreal as a colony?
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What happened to the Sillery reserve by the early 1650s?
What happened to the Sillery reserve by the early 1650s?
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What could be considered a significant consequence of Iroquois attacks on French settlements?
What could be considered a significant consequence of Iroquois attacks on French settlements?
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Why did the Jesuits decide to establish a presence in Quebec in 1625?
Why did the Jesuits decide to establish a presence in Quebec in 1625?
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What was the primary objective of the Recollect priests sent to Quebec in 1615?
What was the primary objective of the Recollect priests sent to Quebec in 1615?
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What was the primary reason for the decline of French interest in North America for about fifty years?
What was the primary reason for the decline of French interest in North America for about fifty years?
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Which settlement was established by La Roche, but later abandoned?
Which settlement was established by La Roche, but later abandoned?
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Who was responsible for establishing a settlement at Quebec in 1608?
Who was responsible for establishing a settlement at Quebec in 1608?
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What motivated the French to rekindle their interest in North America in the early 1600s?
What motivated the French to rekindle their interest in North America in the early 1600s?
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What was the role of the Montagnais in the French settlement at Quebec?
What was the role of the Montagnais in the French settlement at Quebec?
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What event in 1609-10 demonstrated Champlain's loyalty to the Montagnais?
What event in 1609-10 demonstrated Champlain's loyalty to the Montagnais?
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Which region did Pierre de Monts explore in search of minerals and a passage to Asia?
Which region did Pierre de Monts explore in search of minerals and a passage to Asia?
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What hindered Champlain's initial contact with the Huron people?
What hindered Champlain's initial contact with the Huron people?
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Who was granted a trading monopoly over northern Canada in 1599?
Who was granted a trading monopoly over northern Canada in 1599?
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What impact did illegal traders have on the French settlement at Port Royal?
What impact did illegal traders have on the French settlement at Port Royal?
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What was a consequence of the trade agreements Champlain concluded with the Huron?
What was a consequence of the trade agreements Champlain concluded with the Huron?
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Which perspective focuses on practical/economic considerations for native involvement in the fur trade?
Which perspective focuses on practical/economic considerations for native involvement in the fur trade?
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What did George Hammell assert about Native trading in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
What did George Hammell assert about Native trading in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
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According to Calvin Martin, why did many Natives become involved in trade?
According to Calvin Martin, why did many Natives become involved in trade?
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What main purpose did the Company of One Hundred Associates serve when created in 1627?
What main purpose did the Company of One Hundred Associates serve when created in 1627?
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What was one of the reasons Cardinal Richelieu created the Company of One Hundred Associates?
What was one of the reasons Cardinal Richelieu created the Company of One Hundred Associates?
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What event forced Champlain to return to France in 1629?
What event forced Champlain to return to France in 1629?
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What was the vision Champlain presented to the king for New France?
What was the vision Champlain presented to the king for New France?
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What critique was made of Calvin Martin's thesis regarding Native trade?
What critique was made of Calvin Martin's thesis regarding Native trade?
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What shift in leadership happened after Champlain's death in 1635?
What shift in leadership happened after Champlain's death in 1635?
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Study Notes
European Exploration of Canada
- First Europeans to explore Canada were the Norse (Vikings)
- Norse traveled to Greenland in the 980s, and Bjarni Herjolfsson sighted likely Labrador in 986
- Leif Ericson, son of Eric the Red, explored Vinland (between Labrador and Florida) around 1001
- Norse also explored Baffin and Ellesmere Islands, and Newfoundland
- Norse traded but conflict with Indigenous people likely prevented long-term settlements
John Cabot
- Commissioned to find a route to the Orient and claim lands for England
- Reached Newfoundland in 1497
- Believed Newfoundland was a northwest passage to Asia
- Voyages publicized cod fishing opportunities attracting hundreds of European vessels to Newfoundland annually
Portuguese Exploration
- 1500: Gaspar Corte-Real commissioned to find a northwest passage
- Corte-Real captured natives on Newfoundland for slave trade
- Joao Fagundes possibly established a colony in the Maritime Provinces two decades later
French Involvement
- 1524: King Francis I sent Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the Atlantic coast
- Verrazzano probed the coastline from South Carolina to Newfoundland
- Jacques Cartier's first voyage (1534):
- Purpose: find a northwest passage and valuable metals
- Explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, traded with Micmacs, met Iroquoian-speaking people from Stadacona (Quebec City)
- Kidnapped sons of Chief Donnacona
- Jacques Cartier's second voyage (1535-6):
- Chief's sons guided Cartier to Stadacona (Quebec City)
Cartier-Roberval Voyage (1541-2)
- Purpose: establish a colony and find the Kingdom of Saguenay
- Cartier left Quebec City believing he had found diamonds and gold (wrongly)
- Roberval later rebuilt Cartier's settlement, but scurvy and Native hostility forced his return
English Return
- Martin Frobisher (1576-8), John Davis (1585-7), and Henry Hudson (1610) all unsuccessfully searched for a northwest passage
French Return
- Renewed interest in North America due to European developments and fur trade potential
- Fur trade became supplementary to fishing in the 1580s
- Tadoussac was the first main fur-trading centre.
Early Failed French Settlements
- La Roche's trading monopoly in 1598
- La Roche's unsuccessful settlement on Sable Island in the 1600s
Threat of English Settlement and New Initiatives
- 1603: Pierre de Monts given a trade monopoly in exchange for establishing settlers
- With Samuel de Champlain, sailed to St. Lawrence but Iroquoians were no longer there.
- De Monts concluded there was too much trade competition and explored the Maritimes in search of minerals and a passage to Asia
- Founded Port Royal (present-day Nova Scotia) in 1605 but abandoned it in 1607 partly due to competition from illegal traders
- Established Quebec in 1608
New Alliance
- Montagnais allowed French to remain in Quebec in exchange for trade goods and support in their wars against the Iroquois
French Find Huron
- Champlain established trade agreements with the Huron
- Algonquin allowed Huron to travel to Quebec to trade if they paid a toll
- Huron provided two-thirds of the furs traded with the French in the 1620s
Schools of Thought on Trade
- Relativist views (cultural/religious reasons)
- Neo-liberal views (practical/economic considerations)
Champlain's Vision for New France
- Establish substantial towns and a diversified economy.
- Resulting prosperity would support the search for a northwest passage
New Departure to Strengthen Colony
- Cardinal Richelieu created the Company of One Hundred Associates in 1627 to strengthen the colony
Bad Luck
- War between France and England in 1628
- English privateers seized ships of the Company of One Hundred Associates in 1629
- English captured Quebec in 1629 forcing Champlain back to France.
Early Missions
- Champlain died in 1635 and Jesuits became the new leaders
- French officials believed conversion of Natives would reinforce trade alliances.
- Recollet priests arrived in 1615 with limited success
- Jesuits arrived in 1625. They were well educated in Native customs.
Ursulines (1639)
- Led by Marie de l'Incarnation, they established a school for French and Native girls, but most Native girls ran away.
Sillery Reserve
- Established in 1637 by the Jesuits
- Primarily for Montagnais and Algonquin peoples.
- Faced disease, alcohol, and Iroquois attacks in 1656 causing settlement's destruction.
Origins of Montreal
- Believing God desired a mission, mystics acquired rights to Montreal.
- Maisonneuve and colonists founded Ville-Marie (Montreal) in 1642 despite Iroquois warnings.
New Monopoly
- Iroquois attacks and interference with fur trade harmed the Company of One Hundred Associates.
- Formed the Company of Habitants taking over the fur trade in 1645.
- Colony remained small despite these changes.
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Description
Explore the significant journeys undertaken by the Norse, John Cabot, and Portuguese explorers in Canada. This quiz covers early interactions with Indigenous peoples, maps of exploration routes, and the impacts of these voyages on future European settlements. Test your knowledge on the explorers' motivations and discoveries.
