Normal Ranges and Blood Gases Quiz

Normal Ranges

• Respirations: 12-18 breaths per minute
• Blood pressure: 120/80
• Oxygen Saturation: 96-100
• Temperature: 97.8°F to 99.1°F (36.5°C to 37.3°C)
• Heart rate: 60-100 beats per minute

Blood Gases

• pH: 7.35-7.45
• PaO2: 80-100 mm Hg
• PaCO2: 35-45 mm Hg
• HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L
• SaO2: >95%

Total Cholesterol

• <200 mg/dL

HDL

• Females: 35-80 mg/dL
• Males: 35-65 mg/dL

LDL

• <130 mg/dL

Triglycerides

• <150 mg/dL

WBC

• 5,000-10,000/uL

Platelets

• 150,000-400,000 mm3

Hemoglobin

• Females: 12-16 g/dL
• Males: 14-18 g/dL

Hematocrit

• Females: 37-47%
• Males: 42-52%

PT

• 11-12.5 seconds (therapeutic for warfarin: 1.5-2.5 x normal)
• 16-31 seconds

aPTT

• 30-40 seconds (therapeutic for heparin: 1.5-2 x normal)
• 45-80 seconds

INR

• 2-3 (therapeutic for warfarin)
• 0.8-1.1 (not on warfarin)

D-dimer

• 0-250 ng/mL (may also be reported as positive or negative)

Fibrinogen Levels

• 170-340 mg/dL

Fibrin Degradation Products

• <10 mcg/mL

Sodium

• 135-145 mEq/L

Potassium

• 3.5-5 mEq/L

Chloride

• 98-106 mEq/L

Calcium

• 9-10.5 mg/dL

Magnesium

• 1.3-2.1 mEq/L (therapeutic for preeclampsia: 4-7 mEq/L)

Phosphorus

• 3.5-4.5 mg/dL

AST

• 5-40 units/L

ALT

• 8-20 units/L

ALP

• 42-128 units/L

Amylase

• 56-90 IU/L

Lipase

• 0-110 units/L

Total bilirubin

• 0-1 mg/dL

Direct bilirubin

• 0-0.3 mg/dL

Indirect bilirubin

• 0.1-1 mg/dL

Albumin

• 3.5-5 g/dL

Prealbumin

• 19-38 mg/dL

Alpha-fetoprotein

• <40 mcg/L

Ammonia

• 15-110 mg/dL

BUN

• 10-20 mg/dL

Serum creatinine

• 0.6-1.2 mg/dL

Creatinine clearance

• Females: 80-125 mL/min
• Males: 90-139 mL/min

GFR

• 120-130 mL/min

Fasting blood glucose

• <110 mg/dL

Oral glucose tolerance test

• <140 mg/dL

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

• 5% or less = no diabetes
• 5.7%-6.4% = prediabetes
• 6.5% or higher = diabetes

T3

• 70-205 ng/dL

T4

• 4-12 mcg/dL

TSH

• 0.4-6 microunits/mL

Urine specific gravity

• 1.010-1.030

Clear water diet:

• Gelatin

Full liquid diet:

• Cream of rice
• Ice cream

Soft diet

• Cottage cheese

Sterile field:

• Never turn back on sterile field
• Do not drop hands below waist
• Do not reach over sterile field
• Everything needs to be intact
• 1-inch border is nonsterile
• Any moisture on the field is nonsterile
• Sterile package away from you

Hand hygiene important:

• During wound dressings & sterile procedures
• Routine glove wearing reduces pathogens
• Surgical asepsis eliminates pathogen number
• Following strict procedures avoids pathogen transmission

Prescription types

• STAT - immediately
• PRN - as needed
• Standing - regularly
• Single - at specific times

Hospital acquired infections

• HAIS
• Nosocomial

Originating in the hospital

• Ex: developing pneumonia after stay
• Ex: MRSA

Important prevention in hospital

• Hand hygiene
• Cohorting (patients with same diagnosis together)
• Post signs outside doors
• Less invasive procedures
• Proper maintenance routines

Two ways for hand hygiene:

• Soap and water
• Hand sanitizer

Nursing Process ADPIE:

• Assessment
• Diagnosis
• Planning
• Implementation
• Evaluation

Assessments:

• Subjective (what patient says)
• Objective (measurable findings)
• Vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate)
• Wound assessment (e.g., cleaning technique)

Hemostasis

• Stop bleeding

Inflammatory phase

• Neutrophils to injured area
• Swelling, edema, pain

Proliferation phase

• Skin cell formation to cover wound

Maturation

• Scar tissue remodeling

Healing by intention

• Primary - edges together
• Secondary - open wound
• Tertiary - purposely delayed healing

Suture/Staples

• Provider order needed to remove
• Sterile kit for suture removal
• Staple remover for staples
• Drains, depending on type

Stage IV pressure ulcer interventions:

• Hydrocolloid dressings - absorption & moist environment
• Calcium alginate dressings
• Secondary dressings, if needed

Unstageable ulcer interventions

• Proteolytic enzymes for eschar debridement

Metered dose inhaler technique:

• Hold mouthpiece 1-2 inches away from mouth
• Tilt head back slightly, open mouth
• Depress canister slowly while breathing in
• Hold breath for 10 seconds

Airway Obstruction (Infant):

• Inability to cry or speak
• Cyanosis

Bed Bath:

• Start with eyes, followed by face, chest, arms etc., finishing with genitals (front-to-back).
• Change water as needed.

Bed Making:

• Raise bed to waist height
• Place soiled linen in designated bags/containers

Oral Care

• Alert Patients receive water and basin to spit into
• Unconscious Patients need side positioning to prevent aspiration

Seizure precautions:

• Pad side rails of bed for safety
• Position patient safely (lying on side or lower to floor)
• Loosen restrictive clothing (to prevent injury)
• Do not restrain patients during a seizure
• Document time seizure began and ended
• Post ethical phase: reorientation, neurological exam

Phlebitis

• Vein inflammation
• Symptoms: Pain, skin redness, increased temp.

Infiltration

• IV fluid outside vein
• Symptoms: Edema, pallor, pain, decreased temp.

Extravasation

• IV leaking into surrounding tissue (vesicant medication)
• Symptoms; pain, swelling, burning, redness

Enteral nutrition:

• Nutrition delivered to GI tract (e.g., NG tube, percutaneous tube)

Parental nutrition

• Medications given intravenously

Ventilator alarms

• High-pressure alarm - increased secretions, airway narrowing, tube displacement, obstruction
• Low-pressure alarm - disconnection, leak, lack of breathing

Pressure Ulcer (Decubitus Ulcer)

• Impaired skin over bony prominence
• Caused by pressure disrupting oxygen delivery to tissue

Test your knowledge on normal physiological ranges and blood gas parameters critical for understanding human health. This quiz covers essential topics such as respiratory rates, cholesterol levels, and coagulation profiles, providing a comprehensive review for healthcare students and professionals.