Normal Ranges and Blood Gas Values
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Questions and Answers

According to the cheat sheet, what are the normal ranges for respirations?

12 - 18 breaths per minute

What is the normal range for blood pressure?

120/80

What is the normal range for oxygen saturation?

96-100

What is the normal range for temperature in Fahrenheit?

<p>97.8 F to 99.1 F</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for temperature in Celsius?

<p>36.5 C to 37.3 C</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for heart rate?

<p>60-100 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for pH in the blood?

<p>7.35-7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for total cholesterol?

<p>&lt;200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for HDL cholesterol in females?

<p>35-80 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for triglycerides?

<p>&lt;150 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for WBC?

<p>5,000-10,000/uL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for platelets?

<p>150,000 – 400,000 mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for hemoglobin in females?

<p>12-16 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for hematocrit in females?

<p>37-47%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic range for PT in someone on warfarin?

<p>1.5-2.5 times the normal range--16-31 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic range for aPTT in someone on Heparin?

<p>1.5-2 times the normal range-45-80 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic range for INR for someone on warfarin?

<p>2-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for INR for someone not on warfarin?

<p>0.8-1.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for D-dimer?

<p>0-250 ng/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range for fibrinogen levels?

<p>170-340 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range for fibrin degradation products?

<p>&lt;10 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium?

<p>3.5-5 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for chloride?

<p>98-106 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic range for magnesium in someone on magnesium for preeclampsia?

<p>4-7mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for phosphorus?

<p>3.5-4.5 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for amylase?

<p>56-90 IU/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for total bilirubin?

<p>0-1 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for direct bilirubin?

<p>0-0.3 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for albumin?

<p>3.5-5 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for alpha-fetoprotein?

<p>&lt;40 mcg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for serum creatinine?

<p>0.6-1.2 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for creatinine clearance in females?

<p>80-125 mL/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

<p>120-130 mL/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for fasting blood glucose?

<p>&lt;110 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for oral glucose tolerance test?

<p>&lt;140 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)?

<p>5% or less indicates absence of diabetes mellitus 5.7%-6.4% indicates prediabetes mellitus 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for urine specific gravity?

<p>1.010-1.030</p> Signup and view all the answers

Turning clients every 2 hours can help prevent pressure ulcers from developing.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step to take if a patient is given the wrong medication?

<p>Assess the patient for adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for pH in blood gases?

<p>7.35 - 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal range for blood pressure is 130/90.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal range for body temperature is 97.8 F to 99.1 F & 36.5 C to 37.3 C for adults.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pressure ulcer Stage II is characterized by full-thickness skin loss with damage to subcutaneous tissue.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) in someone on Heparin?

<p>45-80 seconds (therapeutic)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for INR (international normalized ratio) in someone not on warfarin?

<p>0.8-1.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for AST (aspartate aminotransferase)?

<p>5-40 units/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for ALT (alanine aminotransferase)?

<p>8-20 units/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for BUN (blood urea nitrogen)?

<p>10-20 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nursing priorities from Maslow's hierarchy of needs to their corresponding levels:

<p>Self-Actualization = Hope, Spiritual well-being, Enhanced growth Self-Esteem = Control, Competence, Positive regard, Acceptance/worthiness Love and Belonging = Maintain support systems, Protect from isolation Safety and Security = Protection from injury, Promote feeling of security, Trust in nurse-client relationship Basic Physiological Needs = Airway, Respiratory effort, Heart rate, rhythm, and strength of contraction, Nutrition, Elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a normal range for a vital sign?

<p>Oxygen Saturation: 80-100</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a sterile procedure?

<p>Inserting an IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contact precaution?

<p>MRSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered subjective data?

<p>Patient's reported pain level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of objective data?

<p>Patient's respiratory rate is 20 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nursing interventions are typically used for a Stage IV pressure ulcer?

<p>Apply a calcium alginate dressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nursing interventions are typically used for an unstageable pressure ulcer?

<p>Apply proteolytic enzymes to the ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a nursing intervention for a wound?

<p>Educating the patient on wound care</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential sign of phlebitis?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an extravasation?

<p>Medication leaking into the tissue outside of the vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vesicant is a medication that causes a blood clot.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enteral nutrition is delivered directly into the bloodstream.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a diagnosis of MRSA would require contact isolation precautions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step a nurse should take if a patient was given the wrong medication?

<p>Assess the patient for adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for a pressure ulcer?

<p>Decubitus ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first medication a nurse should administer to a patient experiencing a myocardial infarction?

<p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the supine position?

<p>Flat on the back; abdominal and face procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Trendelenburg position is typically used for promoting lung expansion and comfort

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major purpose of the Fowler's position?

<p>For feeding, aiding in breathing, and improving oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Sims position?

<p>Administering an enema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nursing intervention is used to help stop bleeding in a wound?

<p>Hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three potential nursing interventions for wounds?

<p>Apply a sterile dressing, administer antibiotics, educate the patient on wound care</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nursing intervention is used for unstageable pressure ulcers to remove non-viable tissue?

<p>Apply proteolytic enzymes to the ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nursing intervention is used to help manage excessive wound exudate in a Stage IV pressure ulcer?

<p>Apply calcium alginate dressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal range for aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) in someone on Warfarin is 1.5-2.5 times the normal range.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Normal Ranges

  • Respirations: 12-18 breaths per minute
  • Blood Pressure: 120/80
  • Oxygen Saturation: 96-100
  • Temperature: 97.8°F to 99.1°F (36.5°C to 37.3°C)
  • Heart Rate: 60-100 beats per minute

Blood Gases

  • pH: 7.35-7.45
  • PaO2: 80-100 mm Hg
  • PaCO2: 35-45 mm Hg
  • HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L
  • SaO2: >95%

Total Cholesterol

  • <200 mg/dL

HDL

  • Females: 35-80 mg/dL
  • Males: 35-65 mg/dL

LDL

  • <130 mg/dL

Triglycerides

  • <150 mg/dL

WBC

  • 5,000-10,000/uL

Platelets

  • 150,000-400,000 mm3

Hemoglobin

  • Females: 12-16 g/dL
  • Males: 14-18 g/dL

Hematocrit

  • Females: 37-47%
  • Males: 42-52%

PT

  • 11-12.5 seconds (therapeutic range for warfarin: 1.5-2.5 times normal range: 16-31 seconds)

aPTT

  • 30-40 seconds (therapeutic range for heparin: 1.5-2 times normal range: 45-80 seconds)

INR

  • 2-3 (therapeutic range for warfarin; 0.8-1.1 for those not on warfarin)

D-dimer

  • 0-250 ng/mL (may also be reported as Positive or Negative)

Fibrinogen Levels

  • 170-340 mg/dL

Fibrin Degradation Products

  • <10 mcg/mL

Sodium

  • 135-145 mEq/L

Potassium

  • 3.5-5 mEq/L

Chloride

  • 98-106 mEq/L

Calcium

  • 9-10.5 mg/dL

Magnesium

  • 1.3-2.1 mEq/L (therapeutic range for preeclampsia: 4-7 mEq/L)

Phosphorus

  • 3.5-4.5 mg/dL

AST

  • 5-40 units/L

ALT

  • 8-20 units/L

ALP

  • 42-128 units/L

Amylase

  • 56-90 IU/L

Lipase

  • 0-110 units/L

Total Bilirubin

  • 0-1 mg/dL

Direct Bilirubin

  • 0-0.3 mg/dL

Indirect Bilirubin

  • 0-1 mg/dL

Albumin

  • 3.5-5 g/dL

Prealbumin

  • 19-38 mg/dL

Alpha-fetoprotein

  • <40 mcg/L

Ammonia

  • 15-110 mg/dL

BUN

  • 10-20 mg/dL

Serum Creatinine

  • 0.6-1.2 mg/dL

Creatinine Clearance

  • Females: 80-125 mL/min
  • Males: 90-139 mL/min

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

  • 120-130 mL/min

Fasting Blood Glucose

  • <110 mg/dL

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

  • <140 mg/dL

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)

  • 5% or less = no diabetes
  • 5.7%-6.4% = prediabetes
  • 6.5% or higher = diabetes

T3

  • 70-205 ng/dL

T4

  • 4-12 mcg/dL

TSH

  • 0.4-6 microunits/mL

Urine Specific Gravity

  • 1.010-1.030

Positioning

  • Supine: Flat on back
  • Prone: Flat on stomach
  • Semi-Fowler's: 30-45 degree angle
  • Fowler's: 90 degrees
  • High Fowlers: 90 degrees
  • Trendelenburg: Head lower than feet
  • **Lateral side laying:**patient on their side

Medical Asepsis

  • Hand Hygiene
  • Routine Glove wearing
  • Reduce number of pathogens
  • Doing the best to prevent pathogen transmission

Surgical Asepsis

  • Eliminate number of pathogens
  • Following strict procedures in order to prevent pathogen transmission

Prescription Types

  • STAT: Immediately
  • PRN: As needed
  • Standing: Daily
  • Single: At a specified time

Hospital Acquired Infections

  • HAIs
  • Nosocomial Infections

Originating in a hospital

  • example Ex: developing Pneumonia in the hospital after a stay, MRSA

Most important prevention

  • Hand hygiene
  • Cohorting patients
  • Post signs
  • Disposable equipment
  • Limit invasive procedures
  • Maintenance of lines

Hand Hygiene Two ways

  • Soap and water
  • Hand Sanitizer

The Nursing Process: ADPIE

  • Assessment; determining significance of information
  • Diagnosis; identifying priorities, goals, expected outcomes, and nursing interventions
  • Planning; carrying out nursing interventions
  • Implementation/ Intervention; assessing the client's response to interventions and comparing the actual outcomes with expected outcomes
  • Evaluation; ultimately to arrive at the end product of meeting a person's needs.

Assessments

  • Subjective: What the patient is saying.
  • Objective: Clinical data.

Vital Signs

  • Temperature:
  • Blood Pressure: Blood pressure
  • Respiratory rate: Respiratory rate

Wound

  • Cultures: Swab viable tissue; not eschar or fluff.
  • Irrigation: Use clean gloves, wash hands, etc
  • Wound Cleaning: Start from the top and work outwards or from the center outwards
  • Clean wounds: Apply collagen, collagen makes wound proliferation, facilitates healing

Hemostasis

  • Stop Bleeding

Inflammatory Phase

  • Allows neutrophils to get to the area.
  • Swelling, edema and pain

Proliferation Phase

  • Making new skin cells fill and cover the wound.

Maturation

  • Remodeling scar tissue

Healing By Intention

  • Primary: Edges of wound approximated.
  • Secondary: Wound left open.
  • Tertiary: Delaying healing.

Suture/Staples

  • Removal requires a provider order
  • Use sterile suture kit

Drains

  • Open drains

Pressure Ulcer :

  • Stage II: A pressure ulcer is impaired and/or reddened skin that has broken through the epidermis, dermal layer or both.

Nursing Interventions for Stage IV Pressure Ulcer:

  • Apply calcium alginate dressing on top of the wound. Cover the wound with a secondary dressing.

Nursing Interventions for Unstageable Ulcer:

  • Apply proteolytic enzymes.

Metered Dose Inhaler

  • Hold the mouthpiece 1 to 2 inches in front of your mouth.
  • Tilt your head back slightly and open your mouth wide.
  • Depress the canister while taking a slow, deep breath.
  • Hold your breath for 10 seconds.

Airway Obstruction (Infant)

  • Inability to cry or speak
  • Cyanosis

Bed Bath

  • Wash eyes first.
  • Clean face, chest, arms, abdomen, legs, and back.
  • Changing water is needed.
  • Last thing to wash is patient's perineum. Wipe front to back if female.

Bed Making

  • Raise the bed to the appropriate height.
  • Never shake linens.
  • Put soiled linens into a disposable bag.

Oral Care:

  • Alert and oriented patients need a basin.
  • Unconscious patients need their head turned.
  • Gag reflex should be checked, if no gag reflex is present suction should be available.
  • Denture care.

Seizure Precautions

  • Pad siderails
  • Have oxygen available
  • Position patient to prevent injury, help with secretions
  • Secure/Loosen restrictive clothing

Phlebitis

  • Inflammation of the vein
  • Symptoms: pain, increase in skin temp, redness

Infiltration:

  • Leakage of intravenous solution/medication into extravascular tissue.
  • Symptoms: Edema, pallor, decrease in skin temp, pain around the site.

Extravasation:

  • IV catheter dislodged; medication infuses into the tissue.
  • Symptoms: Pain, stinging, burning, swelling and redness at the site.
  • Treatment must be decided on by a physician

Nutrition

  • Enteral: Nutrition delivered to the GI tract
  • Parenteral: Nutrition not delivered to the GI tract.

Ventilator Alarms

  • High Pressure: Increased secretions, airway obstruction, tube displacement, patient biting on tube, wheezing, bronchospasm
  • Low Pressure: Disconnection or airway leak, patient stops spontaneous breathing

Pressure Ulcer (Decubitus Ulcer)

  • Impaired skin, sore, or lesion
  • Caused by pressure
  • Stage II: A pressure ulcer is impaired and/or reddened skin that has broken through the epidermis, dermal layer or both.

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Test your knowledge on the normal ranges for vital signs, blood gases, and cholesterol levels with this quiz. Whether it's respiratory rates, blood pressure parameters, or lab values, see how well you understand these critical health indicators.

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