Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the levator ani muscles?
What is the primary function of the levator ani muscles?
- Aid in abdominal compression
- Assist in knee flexion
- Support the pelvic floor (correct)
- Facilitate hip rotation
Which muscle is located on the posterolateral wall of the true pelvis?
Which muscle is located on the posterolateral wall of the true pelvis?
- Obturator internus
- Piriformis (correct)
- Coccygeus
- Iliacus
Where does the obturator internus muscle originate?
Where does the obturator internus muscle originate?
- Sacrum
- Arcuate line of innominate bones (correct)
- Greater trochanter of femur
- Lesser sciatic notch
Which of the following muscles travel in an anterolateral direction and cross over the obturator internus?
Which of the following muscles travel in an anterolateral direction and cross over the obturator internus?
What is the primary characteristic of the coccygeus muscle?
What is the primary characteristic of the coccygeus muscle?
Which muscle narrows inferiorly as it passes through the lesser sciatic notch?
Which muscle narrows inferiorly as it passes through the lesser sciatic notch?
Which among the following is not part of the pelvic diaphragm?
Which among the following is not part of the pelvic diaphragm?
What type of muscle is the obturator internus classified as?
What type of muscle is the obturator internus classified as?
Which position describes a uterus that is tilted posteriorly?
Which position describes a uterus that is tilted posteriorly?
What does the term 'anteversion' describe in uterine positioning?
What does the term 'anteversion' describe in uterine positioning?
What characterizes a retroflexed uterus?
What characterizes a retroflexed uterus?
In which uterine position is the body and cervix nearly in the same axis?
In which uterine position is the body and cervix nearly in the same axis?
What defines the normal variant of uterine position where the uterus is angled to the right?
What defines the normal variant of uterine position where the uterus is angled to the right?
What is the primary role of the round ligaments in nulliparous females?
What is the primary role of the round ligaments in nulliparous females?
How long are the fallopian tubes approximately?
How long are the fallopian tubes approximately?
What is the diameter range of the fallopian tubes?
What is the diameter range of the fallopian tubes?
What structure carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
What structure carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
What happens to the bladder as it fills with urine?
What happens to the bladder as it fills with urine?
What is the normal thickness of the bladder wall when distended?
What is the normal thickness of the bladder wall when distended?
What anatomical position does the bladder occupy when it is empty or slightly filled?
What anatomical position does the bladder occupy when it is empty or slightly filled?
Which of the following statements about the bladder when empty is correct?
Which of the following statements about the bladder when empty is correct?
What is the primary anatomical structure impacted by the bladder as it fills?
What is the primary anatomical structure impacted by the bladder as it fills?
What is the location of ureters in relation to the psoas major muscles?
What is the location of ureters in relation to the psoas major muscles?
What hormone primarily stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles?
What hormone primarily stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?
How many primordial follicles begin development at puberty in each ovary?
How many primordial follicles begin development at puberty in each ovary?
What structure forms when a primary follicle fills with fluid during the follicular phase?
What structure forms when a primary follicle fills with fluid during the follicular phase?
Which hormone increase contributes to increased LH production?
Which hormone increase contributes to increased LH production?
What happens to the follicles that do not mature during the ovarian cycle?
What happens to the follicles that do not mature during the ovarian cycle?
What is the estimated size of the graafian follicle when fully matured?
What is the estimated size of the graafian follicle when fully matured?
What hormone is primarily responsible for endometrial repair and growth?
What hormone is primarily responsible for endometrial repair and growth?
Which muscle joins with the iliacus to form the iliopsoas muscle in the false pelvis?
Which muscle joins with the iliacus to form the iliopsoas muscle in the false pelvis?
What is the primary insertion point of the iliopsoas muscle?
What is the primary insertion point of the iliopsoas muscle?
Which ligament supports the ovary?
Which ligament supports the ovary?
Where does the psoas major muscle arise from?
Where does the psoas major muscle arise from?
Which of the following is NOT a ligament that supports the uterus?
Which of the following is NOT a ligament that supports the uterus?
What is the course of the iliopsoas muscles along the pelvic sidewalls?
What is the course of the iliopsoas muscles along the pelvic sidewalls?
Which muscle is considered part of the false pelvis?
Which muscle is considered part of the false pelvis?
Which structure do the iliopsoas muscles travel over to reach their insertion?
Which structure do the iliopsoas muscles travel over to reach their insertion?
What physiological change occurs during the follicular phase that leads to ovulation?
What physiological change occurs during the follicular phase that leads to ovulation?
What marks the peak of LH levels in the blood before ovulation?
What marks the peak of LH levels in the blood before ovulation?
What is the term used to describe the pain some women feel during ovulation?
What is the term used to describe the pain some women feel during ovulation?
Which event happens on day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
Which event happens on day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
What effect does the LH surge have in the ovarian cycle?
What effect does the LH surge have in the ovarian cycle?
What is the outcome of the rupture of the graafian follicle?
What is the outcome of the rupture of the graafian follicle?
What condition is associated with fluid in the posterior-cul-de-sac during ovulation?
What condition is associated with fluid in the posterior-cul-de-sac during ovulation?
Which hormone's production is stimulated by increased estrogen levels during the follicular phase?
Which hormone's production is stimulated by increased estrogen levels during the follicular phase?
Flashcards
Psoas major
Psoas major
A muscle located on the pelvic sidewall.
Obturator Internus
Obturator Internus
A triangular pelvic muscle, traveling parallel to the pelvic walls and attaching to the femur's greater trochanter through the lesser sciatic notch.
Piriformis
Piriformis
A flat, triangular muscle situated in the posterior pelvis, crossing the obturator internus and attaching to the greater trochanter.
Levator ani
Levator ani
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coccygeus
Coccygeus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pelvic Diaphragm
Pelvic Diaphragm
Signup and view all the flashcards
True Pelvis
True Pelvis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pelvic Sidewall
Pelvic Sidewall
Signup and view all the flashcards
Psoas Major Muscle
Psoas Major Muscle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Iliopsoas Muscles
Iliopsoas Muscles
Signup and view all the flashcards
False Pelvis
False Pelvis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pelvic Ligaments
Pelvic Ligaments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Broad Ligaments
Broad Ligaments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Round Ligaments
Round Ligaments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Uterosacral Ligaments
Uterosacral Ligaments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cardinal Ligaments
Cardinal Ligaments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ureters function
Ureters function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ureter path
Ureter path
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bladder empty position
Bladder empty position
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bladder filling position
Bladder filling position
Signup and view all the flashcards
Normal bladder wall thickness(full)
Normal bladder wall thickness(full)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Normal bladder wall thickness(empty/partial)
Normal bladder wall thickness(empty/partial)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bladder trigone location
Bladder trigone location
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ureter and Bladder connection
Ureter and Bladder connection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Uterine Anteversion
Uterine Anteversion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Uterine Retroversion
Uterine Retroversion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Uterine Anteflexion
Uterine Anteflexion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Uterine Retroflexion
Uterine Retroflexion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dextroversion
Dextroversion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Levoversion
Levoversion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fallopian Tube
Fallopian Tube
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ovarian Cycle
Ovarian Cycle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Follicular Phase
Follicular Phase
Signup and view all the flashcards
What stimulates follicle growth?
What stimulates follicle growth?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dominant Follicle
Dominant Follicle
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens during ovulation?
What happens during ovulation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Luteal Phase
Luteal Phase
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does the corpus luteum produce?
What does the corpus luteum produce?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs?
What happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ovulation
Ovulation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cumulus Oophorus
Cumulus Oophorus
Signup and view all the flashcards
LH Surge
LH Surge
Signup and view all the flashcards
Graafian Follicle
Graafian Follicle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Middleschmerz
Middleschmerz
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infundibulum
Infundibulum
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ovarian Cycle Phases
Ovarian Cycle Phases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Pelvis
- This chapter covers the female pelvis's anatomy and physiology.
- Sonography techniques are a crucial tool for evaluating the female pelvis.
- An in-depth knowledge of normal anatomy and physiology is essential for a proper assessment of pelvic organs and structures.
- The pelvic organs and structures include the uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes, urinary bladder, and pelvic colon.
- Transabdominal sonography requires a full bladder for acoustic visualization, usually with a 3.5-5 MHz transducer.
- Endovaginal sonography uses an empty bladder and a higher frequency transducer (7.5-10 MHz).
- The pelvic skeleton, composed of bones, muscles, and ligaments, forms the outer boundaries and inner margins of the pelvis.
Key Structures of the Pelvis
- Bones:
- Two innominate (coxal) bones
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
- Muscles:
- Psoas major
- Iliacus
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus
- Levator ani
- Coccygeus
- Ligaments:
- Broad ligaments
- Round ligaments
- Uterosacral ligaments
- Cardinal ligaments
- Infundibulopelvic ligament
- Ovarian ligament
- Spaces:
- Vesicouterine pouch
- Pouch of Douglas
- Space of Retzius
Functions of the Pelvic Skeleton
- Weight-bearing bridge connecting spine and legs.
- Childbirth pathway - protecting the fetal head.
- Protecting pelvic organs.
The Bony Pelvis
- Consists of four bones: two innominate (coxal) bones, sacrum, and coccyx.
- Divided into two compartments: true and false pelvis, separated by an oblique plane running through the pelvic brim.
The Pelvic Cavity and Perineum
- True pelvis is the area inferior to the parietal peritoneum, considered the pelvic cavity.
- True pelvis has the pelvic organs like the bladder, uterus, and ovaries
- False pelvis is the area above the linea terminalis
- False pelvis is the area above the pelvic brim, containing mostly bowel.
Pelvic Muscles
- The skeletal muscles of the pelvis support and stabilize pelvic organs.
- The pelvic diaphragm is crucial for supporting pelvic organs.
- It is comprised of pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and coccygeus muscles.
Pelvic Ligaments
- The various ligaments support the pelvic organs in position.
- They hold the uterus, ovaries, and vagina in their correct anatomical place.
- Broad ligaments: Support and contain pelvic organs like ovaries and fallopian tubes
- Round ligaments: Support the uterus.
- Uterosacral ligaments: Support the cervix.
- Cardinal ligaments: Support the cervix.
- Other ligaments support the ovaries and vaginal structures
Pelvic Organ Anatomy
- Urinary bladder and urethra.
- External genitalia (mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, vestibule of vagina).
- Uterus, two fallopian tubes, and vagina.
- Two ovaries.
- Colon and rectum.
Bladder Anatomy
- Located in the anterior segment of the pelvis, anterior to the uterus and vagina, posterior to the pubic symphysis.
- Anchored by the pubovesical ligament.
- Function: Collect and store urine until it empties through the urethra.
- Has three sections: apex, base, and neck.
- The apex is located posterior to the pubic bone.
Bladder and other pelvic organ Anatomy cont.
- Ureters run from kidneys, pass anterior to the major muscles, and enter bladder at the trigone.
- The bladder expands and recedes with filling.
- When the bladder is empty, it is entirely within the true pelvis. As the bladder fills, its superior surface pushes bowel and peritoneum to the false pelvis.
Ovarian Anatomy
- Almond-shaped structure in the adnexa of the true pelvis.
- Supported by the ovarian ligaments, suspensory ligaments (infundibulopelvic), and the mesovarium.
- Anterior to the iliac artery and vein.
- Consists of Cortex and Medulla
- The cortex has varying stages of follicles.
- The medulla has connective tissue, including blood, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and some smooth muscle.
Physiology of the Female Pelvis
- Gynecologic physiology explores how the hormones regulate the menstrual, ovarian, and uterine cycles.
- Cycles are controlled by endocrine glands.
- Hormones influence the maturation and release of ovum, establishing and maintaining the structures of the reproductive organs.
- Sonographic interpretation will reveal characteristics and changes within the organs, aiding diagnoses when needed.
Menstrual Cycle
- Reproductive lifespan: 11 - 50.
- Average cycle: 28 days.
- Cycle begins with menstrual bleeding (Day 1).
- Different phases influence the process:
- Preovulatory (Days 1-13): Hormones prepare uterus for possible fertilization
- Ovulation (Day 14): Release of the egg
- Postovulatory (Days 15-28): Fertilized egg implants in the uterus, or not
Ovarian Cycle
- Ovarian cycle focuses on the phases of follicular development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation.
Endometrial Cycle
- The endometrial cycle correlates with the ovarian cycle causing changes in the lining of the uterus
- There are three phases of the endometrial cycle
- Menstrual Phase
- Proliferative Phase
- Secretory Phase
Menopause/Postmenopause
- Menopause is the cessation of menstrual cycles, generally around age 50.
- Perimenopause is the transition period before menopause, characterized by fluctuating hormone levels.
Pelvic Spaces (Adjacent to Uterus)
- Vesicouterine pouch: Space between the bladder and the uterus.
- Pouch of Douglas: Space between the rectum and the uterus.
- Space of Retzius: Space separating the anterior bladder wall from the pubic symphysis, containing extraperitoneal fat.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of normal anatomy and physiology of the female pelvis, focusing on key structures, organs, and sonography techniques. An understanding of these concepts is crucial for evaluating pelvic health using transabdominal and endovaginal sonography. Test your knowledge on the bones, muscles, and organs that form the female pelvis.
