Nonverbal Communication & Emotion Recognition

Social Perception

• The process through which people seek to understand each other
• Encompasses using both verbal and nonverbal communication to know people

Nonverbal Communication

• This includes information conveyed by cues other than spoken language
• Facial expressions
• Eye contact includes staring, often interpreted as anger or hostility
• Body language/posture reflect moods
• Paralanguage involves vocal effects like tone and pitch
• Facial feedback hypothesis says facial expressions can trigger emotions

Recognizing Deception

• Microexpressions are fleeting facial expressions lasting a few tenths of a second
• Linguistic style involves aspects of speech apart from the meaning of words

Attribution

• Understanding the causes of behavior
• The process of seeking information to determine motives and draw inferences

Theories of Attribution

• Correspondent inference gauges how behavior informs traits
• Non-common effects are conditions caused by one specific factor, not others
• The theory that states we are more likely to conclude behavior reflects stable traits, especially with low social desirability

Kelley's Covariation Theory

• Focuses on consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness when explaining behavior

• Consensus is the extent others react similarly to the same event

• Consistency looks at how someone reacts to the same event over time

• Distinctiveness gauges reactions to different events

• Fate attribution states events occur due to "destiny"

• Action identification refers to how acts are interpreted with degrees of abstraction

• Actions and interpretations shape perceptions

Sources of Attribution Error

• Correspondence bias explains actions based on dispositions, overlooking situation
• Also known as fundamental attribution error
• Actor-observer effect attributes own behavior to situation, others' to disposition
• Self-serving bias attributes positive outcomes to internal factors, negative to external
• Cognitive model expects success, while motivational explanation protects self-esteem

Hubris

• The strong tendency to hold exaggerated positive views about oneself

Applications of Attribution Theory

• Includes interventions and insights in impression formation and management
• Impression formation is how we develop views of others
• Thin slices come from small bits of info, like photos

Impression Management/Self-Presentation

• Efforts to make a good impression
• Self-enhancement is the effort to increase appeal
• Other-enhancement efforts make the target feel good

Causes/Cures of Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination

• Prejudice: Negative feelings based on group membership
• Discrimination: Treating groups differently
• Stereotyping: Beliefs about social group members
• Risk Averse: Weighing potential losses more than equivalent gains

Nature and Origins of Stereotyping

• Stereotypes are cognitive components of attitudes towards social groups
• Stereotype is the cognitive component
• Prejudice is the affect component
• Discrimination is the behavioral component

Gender Stereotypes

• Beliefs about characteristics of men and women include both positive and negative traits
• A glass ceiling is a barrier preventing women from reaching top jobs

Glass Cliff Effect

• Women gaining leadership roles during crises, positions which have a higher risk of failure

• Tokenism involves admitting few from excluded groups

• Negative effects let prejudice off the hook and suggest fairness

• Shifting standards involve stereotypes influenced by evaluation ratings

• Objective scales mean the same regardless of who they apply to

• Subjective scales differ depending on who they apply to

• Singlism is negative stereotyping and discrimination towards single people

• Schemas are cognitive frameworks for organizing information

• Subtypes are special categories for those not fitting schema/stereotype

• Essences are features distinguishing groups, justifying differential treatment

• Minimal groups are artificial social groupings; they are created in lab with meaningless criteria

• Incidental feelings are triggered by factors beyond the outgroup

• Implicit Associations: Unconscious mental processes influencing actions

Origins of Prejudice

• Could be a material or symbolic threat to a valued ingroup

Threats to Self-Esteem

• Competition for resources may cause prejudice

• Zero-sum outcome means one group's gain is another's loss

• Realistic conflict increases negative views as competition grows

• Superordinate goals are outcomes benefiting all groups

• Cognitive effects of social categorization can cause an "us-vs-them" effect

• Social identity theory suggests that individuals seek to feel positively about their group

• Self-esteem is partly derived from social group memberships

• Prejudice stems from dividing the world into "us" and "them"

• Identity fusion is the extent of overlap between self and group

Existential Threat

• Stems from awareness of mortality
• Terror management suggests awareness of death evokes terror, reduced by cultural worldviews
• Discrimination is prejudice in action
• Negative actions target racial, ethnic, and gender prejudice

Modern Racism

• More subtle than older forms

Measuring Implicit Racial Attitudes

• Looks at views impacting behavior without awareness
• Priming uses exposure "prime" information to influence reactions
• The Bona Fide Pipeline measures attitudes by adjective associations
• Prejudiced individuals perceive themselves as unbiased when compared to extreme prejudice groups

Confronting Group Wrongdoings

• Collective guilt results from perceiving group responsibility for wrongdoings
• Moral disengagement disregards necessity of sanctioning harm

Countering Prejudice

• Social learning says children gain negative views from influential adults

• Social learning also says children get rewarded with love

• Contact hypothesis says racial prejudice drops with direct contact

• Recategorization shifts group views (ex: from inter-school sports teams to a nationally competing team).

• Common Ingroup Identity reduces prejudice by recategorizing "us" versus "them."

• Collective Guilt: Research shows people can feel guilt from another's actions

• Training people to say “no” to associations between stereotypes and specific social groups can lead to prejudice reduction

Prosocial Behavior

• Actions by people helping others, often without immediate benefit

Why People Help

• Motives include empathy that creates a shared experience to feel sympathetic and take their perspective
• Cognitive components accurately perceive others' thoughts and feelings
• Emotional aspect helps to share emotions of others
• Empathetic concern involves another's well being
• Empathy-altruism suggests sole motivation to help is someone's need
• Negative-state relief says good deeds relieve feeling bad
• Empathic joy means helpers enjoy positive reactions

Competitive Altruism

• Suggests helping boosts status and reputation
• Kin selection has suggests we help our closest relations
• Reciprocal altruism has us helping others so we get help
• Defensive helping has outgroups defuse status threat, putting them down
• Diffusion of responsibility has people assume someone else helps
• Pluralistic ignorance makes strangers hesitate and do nothing

Factors Influencing Tendency to Help

• Includes helping those similar to us
• Also includes exposure to prosocial models, seeing others helping
• Some people play prosocial videogame
• Awe can increase prosocial behavior, focusing less on ourselves
• Those with less give more
• Social exclusion reduces helping when excluded or feeling out of place
• Under anonymous conditions someone may help less
• Economic value on our time reduces prosocial behavior

Crowdfunding

• Raising money for venture from many giving small amounts
• Mirth condition means funny comedian can increase prosocial behavior
• Women are more likely to help close friends
• Men are more likely to help strangers
• No gender is "more helpful" but they both are helpful differently
• Prosocial behavior and aggression are not necessarily opposites

Basic Terms: Neuroscience

• Neurons are the nervous system's basic building blocks specialized to transmit information.

• Neuroscience Is the study of nervous system structure, development, genetics, biochemistry, and pathology.

• Thinking Creatively Is the ability to approach problems in novel ways for new insights.

• Clinical Pertains to the diagnosis, treatment, patient care particularly in a medical or psychological setting.

• Evolutionary Perspective studies behavior by evolutionary forces and natural selection.

• Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize through new connections.

• Epigenetics studies how environment influences gene expression.

• Consciousness is awareness of oneself, the world, thoughts, perceptions, and emotions.

Biopsychology Study Areas

• A study of biological processes influence behavior, emotions, and mental functions.
• Neuroanatomy looks at the structure and organization of the nervous system
• Neurochemistry is the study of chemical composition and processes in the nervous system.
• Neuroendocrinology examines the nervous system interaction to coordinate hormone
• Neuropathology studies disorders of the nervous system
• Neuropharmacology studies the way drugs affect behavior
• Neurophysiology Is the study of how the nervous electrical biological system function and biochemical processes.

Types of Research in Biopsychology

• Comparative research in comparing biological behavior

• Between-Subjects design has different groups of subjects experience conditions.

• Within-Subjects design is were all subjects experience every part of the expirement.

• Independent Variable Is the variable to assess the effects the researcher manipulates.

• The variable that is measured to to assess the effects of the independent variable.

• Confounding a variable uncontrolled component can affect an experiment.

• Coolidge Effect where exhibited males sexual behavior happens new potential mate.

• Lordosis is a posture that happens to female mammals when mating.

• Quasi-experimental studies lack the randomness of the study.

• Case studies examines individual analysis in groups.

• Generalizability the research extent can be translated to broader ideas in life.

• Pure research to gain practical known knowledge on certain things.

• Translational The basic research bridges discoveries of practical applications.

Divisions

• Physiological psychology: Behavior through influence direct manipulation of the brain in the system.

• A study of how affects with different behavior.

• A study the brain disorder function behavior on brain injuries.

• Cerebral Cortex is the outermost part for higher the brains ability and memory for thinking.

• Study that involves physiological of physiological responses and processes that respond by the.

• Electroencephalogram is the EEG Technique records electrical activity in the brain scalp.

• Autonomic nervous system Controls the blood heart rate, digestion, functions of the system.

• Cognitive neuroscience studies relating cognitive function of the brain. Perception, language, memory.

• Cognition the mental process memory and problems with the way information is being used.

• Comparative Psychology Is the study of how animal behavior.

• Ethological Research Is the nature environment.

biopsychology Methods on Ethics

• Converging a study of increase of similar methods on some reliability.
• Korsakoff Syndrome: Is to losing a memory to severe memory.
• Scientific Inference is drawing observable in experiment.

Biopsychology Critically

• Critical Thinking: The ability to analyze and evaluate Information logically and systematically.

• Morgans Canon: The principle that simple explanations on the animal behavior.

• Prefrontal Lobotomy: is a process of operating on the brain to sever.

• Prefrontal Lobes: That Involves with making hard decision ability and personality.

• Leucotome is a used lobotomies.

• Transorbital Lobotomy is severing brain connection instrument placed in eye socket.

• Psycho surgery Is used to use the use of surgery procedures for mental disorders.

• Zeitgeist The intellectual a or particular spirit.

• Cartesian Dualism the body the mind and that they mind and body physical.

• Nature-Nurture: Nature is the role genetic where nurture means environmental behavior.

• Ethology the evolution of animal behavior's.

• Instinct behavior occurs of specific stimuli.

• Asomatognosia: unaware of a part of damage own of often the body to the right parietal.

Human Evolution

• Changing over in genetic variations.

• Natural the selection to for enhanced the survival traits

• Ability survives reproduces of environment.

• Species Can fertile of offspring.

• The members of the same species

• Chordates a dorsal, nerve stage in development.

• Vertebrates a with animals a spinal.

• Life water larvae land vertebrae.

• Milk of nursing can.

• Primates characterized grasping human apes monkeys.

• Hominins human extinct of relatives Neaderthals modern.

• Byproducts effects side Adaptations.

• Evolved later but for different reasons

• homologous traits inherited from a common ancestor.

• The independently species functions different traits but of species.

• Conversion is due species environments simular.

• The brain rate stem controls basic functions like like brain stem.

• Is memory part the is Cerebrum.

• Consist convolutions in the grooves.

Fundamental Genetics

• Dichotomous traits there are only different or short or tall.

• True breeding is the breeding of offspring.

• Dominant present is trait dominate present.

• when is not expressed trait

• The enviromental phenotype is the way that the observable that traits that are shown.

• a Genotype the is make genome.

• in is is protein by gene traits.

• Alleles can that are traits different genes.

• An gene for homozygous have alleles identicatl that have.

• With for gene that Heterozygous have alleles gene that they have different.

• Dna that for that has chromosomes cellular genetic.

• Material genetic of half eggs the are germets repoductive,

• With cell that meiosis division creates of chromosomes the usual cell.

• from egg where zygote is sperm combining both of a

• Material chromosome that the genetic recombination during increase. material meiosis exchnages division that occurs.

• Daughter sell identical process that is mitosis by genetically.

• Information DNA in is used that by genetic

• Bases building the dna, and dna nucleotide building.

• Copies of DNA before replication.

• Sequenced DNA is Mutations can by change variation.

• That are that chromosomes traits are sex that autosomal by genes.

• Organism that sex of chromosome genetic.

• Sex on the genes by is linked sex traits of genes

• Molecules that proteins body various are acids amnio

• blocks amino acids the that by building promoters used.

• Creating genetic is protein information is when gene expression used as.

• Creates expression that acids the repressor gene that increases.

• Coping dna transcription used.

• In used rna proteins and by.

• Genetic dna instructions that by.

• Protein from by used synthesis rna that.

• By buil cellular of is ribosomes genetic

• Is three rna is the codon sequen that a acids aimnno for cell sequence.

• By the rna cell trnaspot used protein genetic

• Protein the is body the what.

• by regualted DNA epigentics coding.

• genes that that silence used by methylation DNA chemical coded

• genes. histone that is that what.

• That Epigenome by that.

• Twins is that devloped by single egg Monoyzotoic idientical

• Twin that by eggs by devloped dizyoctic twins are twin fraternal.

• Is vary from used heritability to in what,

• in the are genetics how.

Central System chapter 3 overview

• Central nervous system consists brain spinal of cord that throughout. the is in the serving main throughout that transmint

• System all central that and central the and periphery is peripheral

• System for that sensort voluntary, system

• CNS organs the sensory sensory Nerves the signals of signals Nerves from.

• Automatic hormone like blood and digestion with.

• Response system that the body.

• Digestive lowers maintain to promotes.

• Head organs internal of the brain

• Layers the spinal cord dura, membrane, meninges.

• System durable, that CNS outer tough the to mater in

• Middle the middle the layer in which is brain spinal

• Protect mater csa the space is spinal mater that spinal from that to to.

• the pia cord brain adheres closely inner most.

• Csn water, that what and waste fluid in to from from spinal

• A spinal the to in canals.

• the csa ventricless is the what with

• The in vessels through to is barrier with from.

• Body is that in communication chemical of electrical signals to send.

• With In brain, the the multipolar the in mostly

• Extension splits in the in sensory The is in found.

• The what that the spinal the in found system eyes with sensory nervous

• Axoms body, within and in spinal cluster

• System the the with in ganglia in what

• Brain with in to tracts by between to a in through sensory in axons.

• Surpport that a of giall is the.

• Insulates is substances that fatter to.

• That from the brain the and

• Producing that a and.

• immune cells brain defedners microglia.

• Are glial the the is is.

• What staining technqiues

• A in the useful a of the the is.

• Nissi, what that uses cellular to a of the.

• Microscopy of the and electron.

• Anterior from brain to cord

• Animals human or body part

• From top is spinal of brain

• Is lateral position structure the

Structural Planes

• Cutting parrel upper side and lower.
• Midline section face, by parralel.
• to by side midline section.
• Long axis cUt and used.

Spinal cords

• Neuron dendrites grey and is body with the

This quiz explores nonverbal communication, emotional expression, and underlying psychological principles. It covers topics such as interpreting cues, the facial feedback hypothesis, and differentiating microexpressions from regular facial expressions. It also touches on behavioral tests and understanding phobias through learning principles.