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What function does the upper airways serve in relation to the inspired air?
What function does the upper airways serve in relation to the inspired air?
What is one of the metabolic functions of the lung described in the text?
What is one of the metabolic functions of the lung described in the text?
Which of the following is an example of a hazardous material that may be present in inspired air?
Which of the following is an example of a hazardous material that may be present in inspired air?
What is one of the mechanisms by which the lung is protected from contaminants in inspired air?
What is one of the mechanisms by which the lung is protected from contaminants in inspired air?
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What allows the lungs to act as a site of blood filtration and storage?
What allows the lungs to act as a site of blood filtration and storage?
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Why can the pulmonary circulation act as a reservoir for the left ventricle?
Why can the pulmonary circulation act as a reservoir for the left ventricle?
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What role does the pulmonary circulation play in protecting the systemic circulation?
What role does the pulmonary circulation play in protecting the systemic circulation?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential particle that may be filtered by the pulmonary circulation?
Which of the following is NOT a potential particle that may be filtered by the pulmonary circulation?
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How does the lung prevent occlusion of vascular beds by filtered particles?
How does the lung prevent occlusion of vascular beds by filtered particles?
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What is the function of the nasal turbinates in relation to inspired air?
What is the function of the nasal turbinates in relation to inspired air?
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How do most particles larger than 10 μm get filtered in the respiratory tract?
How do most particles larger than 10 μm get filtered in the respiratory tract?
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Where do smaller particles between 0.1 and 0.5 μm mainly get deposited in the respiratory system?
Where do smaller particles between 0.1 and 0.5 μm mainly get deposited in the respiratory system?
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What stimulates a cough in the respiratory tract?
What stimulates a cough in the respiratory tract?
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Where is the primary impaction site for larger particles in the respiratory tract?
Where is the primary impaction site for larger particles in the respiratory tract?
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What causes most particles between 2 to 10 μm to be removed from the airways?
What causes most particles between 2 to 10 μm to be removed from the airways?
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Which structure is mainly responsible for the production of airway secretions?
Which structure is mainly responsible for the production of airway secretions?
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What is the term used for the synchronized movement of mucus up the airway carried out by cilia?
What is the term used for the synchronized movement of mucus up the airway carried out by cilia?
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Which condition may result in an increase in goblet cells and hypertrophy of mucous glands, leading to increased mucus secretion?
Which condition may result in an increase in goblet cells and hypertrophy of mucous glands, leading to increased mucus secretion?
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How do cigarette smoke affect ciliary function in the airways?
How do cigarette smoke affect ciliary function in the airways?
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What is the term used to describe the mechanism for continuously moving trapped material in mucus toward the pharynx?
What is the term used to describe the mechanism for continuously moving trapped material in mucus toward the pharynx?
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What is the primary role of the mucus blanket in the airways?
What is the primary role of the mucus blanket in the airways?
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How are coughs and sneezes beneficial in moving mucous lining of the airways?
How are coughs and sneezes beneficial in moving mucous lining of the airways?
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What are the natural mechanical defenses of the respiratory tract?
What are the natural mechanical defenses of the respiratory tract?
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How do epithelial barriers and mucus contribute to defending the respiratory tract?
How do epithelial barriers and mucus contribute to defending the respiratory tract?
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Which cells are involved in the natural phagocytic defenses of the respiratory tract?
Which cells are involved in the natural phagocytic defenses of the respiratory tract?
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What is the main function of type II alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs?
What is the main function of type II alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs?
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Which cell proliferates to reestablish a continuous epithelial surface in response to injury in the lung?
Which cell proliferates to reestablish a continuous epithelial surface in response to injury in the lung?
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What plays a role in removing material from the monolayer in the alveolus?
What plays a role in removing material from the monolayer in the alveolus?
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What is the main role of type II alveolar epithelial cells in lung injury response?
What is the main role of type II alveolar epithelial cells in lung injury response?
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What happens if tracheobronchial secretions are not removed from a patient?
What happens if tracheobronchial secretions are not removed from a patient?
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How does cigarette smoke affect alveolar macrophage function?
How does cigarette smoke affect alveolar macrophage function?
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What is the main role of alpha1 antitrypsin in the lungs?
What is the main role of alpha1 antitrypsin in the lungs?
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How are biologically active contaminants of inspired air usually removed according to the text?
How are biologically active contaminants of inspired air usually removed according to the text?
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What is one way that particles reach the mucociliary escalator?
What is one way that particles reach the mucociliary escalator?
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What is the main role of pulmonary surfactant?
What is the main role of pulmonary surfactant?
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Which chemical substrate in mixed venous blood is approximately 70% converted to angiotensin II after passing through the lung?
Which chemical substrate in mixed venous blood is approximately 70% converted to angiotensin II after passing through the lung?
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'Hypoxia acts directly on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells by affecting what ion's permeability?'
'Hypoxia acts directly on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells by affecting what ion's permeability?'
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Study Notes
Functions of the Upper Airways
- Filters, humidifies, and warms inspired air to optimize conditions for gas exchange in the lungs.
- Nasal turbinates increase surface area for air conditioning.
Metabolic Functions of the Lung
- Plays a role in metabolizing various compounds and converting substrates in the blood.
Hazardous Materials in Inspired Air
- Example includes pollutants, allergens, or airborne toxins that can pose health risks.
Lung Protection Mechanisms
- The lung utilizes cilia and mucus to trap and expel contaminants from inspired air.
- Alveolar macrophages actively phagocytize and clear pathogens and particles.
Lung as a Blood Filtration and Storage Site
- The unique vascular structure and compliance allow the lungs to accommodate varying blood volumes and filter particles.
Pulmonary Circulation Reservoir Function
- Acts as a reservoir for the left ventricle by accommodating fluctuations in blood flow and volume.
Protection of Systemic Circulation
- Pulmonary circulation filters out harmful substances and reduces the load of potentially damaging particles entering systemic circulation.
Particles Filtered by Pulmonary Circulation
- Large particles such as pollen and dust are typically filtered; smaller particles may pass through.
Prevention of Vascular Bed Occlusion
- The lung employs mechanisms like phagocytosis to prevent blockage of blood vessels by filtered particles.
Function of Nasal Turbinates
- Enhance airflow regulation and ensure air is conditioned before reaching the lungs.
Filtration of Larger Particles
- Particles larger than 10 μm are generally trapped in the upper respiratory tract via mucus.
Depositing of Smaller Particles
- Particles between 0.1 and 0.5 μm mainly deposit in the alveolar region.
Cough Stimulation
- Cough reflex is triggered by irritation of the respiratory tract lining.
Primary Impaction Site for Larger Particles
- The tracheobronchial region serves as the major site for larger particle impaction.
Removal of Particles 2 to 10 μm
- Managed by the mucociliary clearance mechanism, involving cilia moving mucus upward.
Airway Secretions Production
- Goblet cells and submucosal glands are primarily responsible for the secretion of mucus.
Synchronized Mucus Movement
- Ciliary action leads to the coordinated movement of mucus, termed ciliary escalator.
Conditions Increasing Mucus Secretion
- Chronic bronchitis may increase the number of goblet cells and mucous gland hypertrophy.
Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Ciliary Function
- Impairs ciliary movement, reducing the efficiency of mucus clearance.
Continuous Movement of Trapped Material
- The mucociliary escalator mechanism continuously transports trapped particles toward the pharynx.
Role of the Mucus Blanket
- Serves as a protective layer trapping contaminants and facilitating their removal.
Benefits of Coughs and Sneezes
- Both actions facilitate the expulsion of mucus and pathogens from the airways.
Natural Mechanical Defenses
- Include physical barriers like the mucus layer and ciliary movement against pathogens.
Epithelial Barriers and Mucus Contribution
- The epithelial lining acts as a barrier while mucus traps particles and pathogens.
Phagocytic Defenses in the Respiratory Tract
- Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils are crucial in ingesting and destroying foreign materials.
Function of Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells
- Responsible for producing surfactant, reducing surface tension in alveoli, and preventing collapse.
Cell Response to Injury
- Type II alveolar cells proliferate to restore the epithelial surface after lung injury.
Material Removal from Alveoli
- Alveolar macrophages absorb and clear debris from the alveolar space.
Role of Type II Cells in Injury Response
- Aid in lung repair by producing growth factors and surfactant.
Consequence of Secretions Not Being Removed
- Accumulation can lead to infection, airway obstruction, and reduced gas exchange.
Cigarette Smoke and Macrophage Function
- Deters macrophage function, increasing susceptibility to lung infections.
Role of Alpha1 Antitrypsin
- Protects the lungs by inhibiting proteolytic enzymes, helping to maintain tissue integrity.
Removal of Biologically Active Contaminants
- Typically accomplished through mucociliary clearance and phagocytosis.
Particles Reaching the Mucociliary Escalator
- Particles can be captured in mucus and transported upwards by ciliary action.
Function of Pulmonary Surfactant
- Reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse and aiding in gas exchange.
Angiotensin II Formation
- Approximately 70% of angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by the lungs.
Hypoxia and Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle
- Directly affects calcium ion permeability in smooth muscle cells, leading to vasoconstriction.
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