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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the phenomenon where multiple neurotransmitters are found within some neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the term for the phenomenon where multiple neurotransmitters are found within some neurons in the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitters are traditionally recognized as the main transmitters in the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitters are traditionally recognized as the main transmitters in the autonomic nervous system?
What does the term NANC stand for in relation to neurotransmitters?
What does the term NANC stand for in relation to neurotransmitters?
What is one potential role of nonclassical transmitters in the autonomic nervous system?
What is one potential role of nonclassical transmitters in the autonomic nervous system?
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What was the focus of research regarding neurotransmitters in the ANS for many years?
What was the focus of research regarding neurotransmitters in the ANS for many years?
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What is the primary neurotransmitter released at low firing rates by medullary raphé neurons?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released at low firing rates by medullary raphé neurons?
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What controls the proportion of neurotransmitters released from neurons?
What controls the proportion of neurotransmitters released from neurons?
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Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter identified in the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter identified in the autonomic nervous system?
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What class of receptors does ATP activate in vascular smooth muscle?
What class of receptors does ATP activate in vascular smooth muscle?
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What was first proposed by Geoffrey Burnstock and colleagues in the 1970s?
What was first proposed by Geoffrey Burnstock and colleagues in the 1970s?
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Which two nonclassic neurotransmitters were first identified in the ANS?
Which two nonclassic neurotransmitters were first identified in the ANS?
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At intermediate neuronal firing rates, which neurotransmitter is also released along with serotonin?
At intermediate neuronal firing rates, which neurotransmitter is also released along with serotonin?
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What effect does ATP have when applied directly to vascular smooth muscle?
What effect does ATP have when applied directly to vascular smooth muscle?
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What is the role of P2X receptors in smooth muscle cells?
What is the role of P2X receptors in smooth muscle cells?
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What is the primary effect of norepinephrine on smooth muscle contraction?
What is the primary effect of norepinephrine on smooth muscle contraction?
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Which phase of contraction is induced by ATP in vascular smooth muscle?
Which phase of contraction is induced by ATP in vascular smooth muscle?
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How does neuropeptide Y contribute to muscle contraction?
How does neuropeptide Y contribute to muscle contraction?
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What channel property is associated with P2X receptors?
What channel property is associated with P2X receptors?
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Which signaling pathway is involved in the action of norepinephrine?
Which signaling pathway is involved in the action of norepinephrine?
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What is one of the key components of contraction induced by ATP in smooth muscle?
What is one of the key components of contraction induced by ATP in smooth muscle?
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What effect does nitric oxide have on vascular smooth muscle?
What effect does nitric oxide have on vascular smooth muscle?
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What is the primary way nitric oxide (NO) exerts its effects in neighboring cells?
What is the primary way nitric oxide (NO) exerts its effects in neighboring cells?
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Which enzyme is responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO) from l-arginine?
Which enzyme is responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO) from l-arginine?
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In the context of vascular smooth muscle relaxation, what role does acetylcholine (ACh) have?
In the context of vascular smooth muscle relaxation, what role does acetylcholine (ACh) have?
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Which neurotransmitter is involved in the second phase of relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in the second phase of relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells?
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From where is nitric oxide (NO) NOT derived as per the description?
From where is nitric oxide (NO) NOT derived as per the description?
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What physiological process do NO and ACh collectively mediate in vascular smooth muscle cells?
What physiological process do NO and ACh collectively mediate in vascular smooth muscle cells?
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What type of molecule is nitric oxide (NO) classified as?
What type of molecule is nitric oxide (NO) classified as?
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Which statement correctly describes the nature of nitric oxide (NO)?
Which statement correctly describes the nature of nitric oxide (NO)?
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Which neurotransmitter is NOT found in postganglionic autonomic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is NOT found in postganglionic autonomic neurons?
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Which of the following neurotransmitter categories includes norepinephrine?
Which of the following neurotransmitter categories includes norepinephrine?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with visceral afferent neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with visceral afferent neurons?
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Which amino acid is indicated as present within the CNS neurons?
Which amino acid is indicated as present within the CNS neurons?
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Which of the following is classified as a neuropeptide?
Which of the following is classified as a neuropeptide?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with ganglion interneurons?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with ganglion interneurons?
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Which neuropeptide is indicated to be present in both preganglionic and postganglionic autonomic neurons?
Which neuropeptide is indicated to be present in both preganglionic and postganglionic autonomic neurons?
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Which nonclassical neurotransmitter is specifically listed in the table?
Which nonclassical neurotransmitter is specifically listed in the table?
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Which neurotransmitter would NOT typically be found in enteric neurons?
Which neurotransmitter would NOT typically be found in enteric neurons?
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Which type of neuron predominantly uses acetylcholine?
Which type of neuron predominantly uses acetylcholine?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the regulation of smooth muscle?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the regulation of smooth muscle?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is not classified as an amino acid?
Which of the following neurotransmitters is not classified as an amino acid?
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What role does dopamine have among the listed neuron types?
What role does dopamine have among the listed neuron types?
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Which neurotransmitter is specifically associated with the action of gastrointestinal motility?
Which neurotransmitter is specifically associated with the action of gastrointestinal motility?
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Study Notes
Nonclassic Transmitters in the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Nonclassic Transmitters: Neurotransmitters involved in the ANS that aren't solely adrenergic or cholinergic. They mediate a range of postsynaptic responses, including slow potentials and modulating other inputs.
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Colocalization: The presence of multiple neurotransmitters within a single neuron. As many as eight different neurotransmitters can colocalize.
Distribution and Types of Nonclassic Transmitters
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Diverse Distribution: Found at all levels of autonomic control.
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Non-Specific Roles: Their roles aren't fully understood, but they can cause varied responses and modulate other inputs rather than acting directly.
Examples of Nonclassic Transmitters
- ATP: Colocalizes with norepinephrine in postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Releases on electrical stimulation, leading to vascular constriction by activating P2 purinoceptors (P2X and P2Y).
- Nitric Oxide (NO): Produced by endothelial cells and neurons. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle through guanylyl cyclase activation. NO, acetylcholine, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are often released together in parasympathetic neurons.
Action of NO in the ANS
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Multiple phases of relaxation: Stimulation of parasympathetic fibers can initiate multiple phases of smooth muscle relaxation (e.g., through acetylcholine and nitric oxide).
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Delayed Relaxation: Neuropeptide VIP can cause delayed relaxation by increasing cAMP or decreasing Ca2+.
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Co-release: Different neurotransmitters often act together in parallel to yield a diverse response, for example, acetylcholine and nitric oxide in conjunction to achieve a relaxed response.
Table of Neurotransmitters by Location
- The provided tables detail which neurotransmitters are found in various locations within the peripheral and central nervous systems, such as CNS, preganglionic, postganglionic, visceral ganglia, and enteric neurons.
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Description
Explore the intriguing roles of nonclassic transmitters in the autonomic nervous system. This quiz covers their distribution, colocalization, and examples like ATP and Nitric Oxide. Understand how these neurotransmitters contribute to diverse physiological responses and interactions.
