53 Questions
What is a fibroadenoma?
A benign breast lesion with fibrotic stroma and glandular tissue
How are complex fibroadenomas different from simple ones?
Complex fibroadenomas show histologic characteristics like cysts and calcifications
Which characteristic is typical of giant fibroadenomas?
Size greater than five centimeters
What diagnostic procedures might be necessary for assessing a suspected fibroadenoma?
Mammography and MRI
What is the likely cause of fibroadenomas according to the text?
Exaggerated response to normal hormonal stimuli
Which characteristic does not apply to fibroadenomas?
Usually associated with nipple discharge
What are common symptoms associated with multiple papillomas in the breast?
Clusters of masses in smaller ducts away from the nipple
What type of nipple discharge is commonly associated with papillomas?
Red, rusty, brown, greenish discharge
What diagnostic tests are recommended for evaluating breast conditions?
Prolactin level and mammogram
Which group of medications may cause bilateral nipple discharge?
Antihypertensives and antidepressants
What is a common characteristic of breast cancer screening guidelines among various organizations?
Varied recommendations based on personal history
Which type of breast cancer is described as malignant neoplasm of glandular or stroma cells native to the breast?
Ductal carcinoma in situ
What role do BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play in breast cancer?
Act as tumor suppressor genes with mutation leading to cell cycle progression
What percentage of tumors may interact with estrogen receptors and epidermal growth factor receptors?
~33%
What is one of the common benign conditions related to breast trauma?
Cellulitis leading to abscess formation
Which diagnostic imaging technique is recommended for breast assessment following nipple discharge presentation?
Ultrasound examination
What is the most common subtype of ovarian cancer?
Epithelial ovarian cancer
What is the leading cause of gynecologic related deaths in women?
Ovarian cancer
Which genetic syndrome increases the risk for colorectal, endometrial, stomach, small bowel, breast, pancreas, and ovarian cancers?
Lynch syndrome
What is the most significant risk factor for ovarian cancer?
Multiple relatives with breast or ovarian cancer
Which preventive measure has a protective effect against ovarian cancer but is considered controversial?
Aspirin and NSAIDs use
When should high-risk patients undergo pelvic examinations and CA-125 level measurements?
Every six to 12 months
What is advised for mutation carriers after childbearing is completed by the age of 35?
Prophylactic oophorectomy
What is a possible risk factor for ovarian cancer according to some studies?
$BMI > 30$
What is the recommendation of the US Preventative Services Task Force regarding alcohol use for patients at risk for breast cancer?
Limit alcohol use, as even moderate intake increases risk
Which medication is NOT recommended by the US Preventative Services Task Force for reducing the risk of breast cancer?
Chemotherapy
What is the American Cancer Society's stance on monthly breast self-exams?
No longer recommends monthly self-exams
At what age does the US Preventative Services Task Force recommend biennial mammograms?
50 to 74
Which symptom may be a sign of advanced breast cancer?
Swelling and redness of the skin
How should a patient be positioned for visualizing skin dimpling during a breast examination?
Supine
What is the recommended daily dosage of tamoxifen for hormonal therapy?
$20$ milligrams twice daily
'Peau d'orange' refers to a characteristic appearance associated with what condition?
Advanced breast cancer
What is an indication for genetic testing in breast cancer based on the text?
Having a family member diagnosed with breast cancer at any age
Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for breast cancer in the text?
Having a family member with a BRCA mutation
What would indicate the need for genetic testing in a patient with breast cancer according to the text?
Having triple negative ER or PR or HER2
Which group of individuals is suggested to have an annual MRI beginning at age 30?
Individuals with a relative risk of 2.1 to 4.0 for breast cancer
What is indicated by having a family member diagnosed with aggressive prostate cancer with a Gleason score greater than seven?
Indication for genetic testing
Which condition would NOT typically lead to the recommendation of genetic testing according to the text?
Alcohol use
What is suggested as a risk factor for breast cancer in patients with a relative risk of 1.1 to 2.0?
$2^{nd}$ degree relatives diagnosed at an early age
What is the primary recommendation regarding screening for ovarian cancer in the general population?
Routine use of CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound for screening is not advised
What is a common challenge associated with the CA-125 tumor marker in ovarian cancer diagnosis?
It can be elevated in benign conditions, leading to false positives
What is the recommended management approach for breast lesions less than three centimeters?
Observe, do yearly imaging, and reassure the patient
Which tumor markers are recommended for epithelial ovarian tumors?
CA-125, CA-19-9, and CEA
Which of the following is NOT a component of fibrocystic breast disease?
Keratin cysts
What physical examination finding is characteristic in patients with confirmed or suspected ovarian cancer?
Abdominal mass
What is the most common age group affected by intraductal papilloma?
35-50 years
Which imaging study is recommended for evaluating suspected ovarian cancer in high-risk individuals with a family history of the disease?
CT scan with contrast of the abdomen and pelvis
What is the role of CA 19-9 and CEA tumor markers in mucinous ovarian tumors?
They are better indicators of disease compared to CA-125
What is the initial recommended dose of spironolactone for fibrocystic breast disease?
100 milligrams daily
What symptom differentiates the acute presentation of ovarian cancer from other conditions?
Calf pain
What increases the lifetime risk of breast cancer in women with intraductal papilloma?
Multiple papillomas
What characteristic separates non-mucinous epithelial tumors from other ovarian cancers?
Elevated inhibin A/B levels on diagnostic testing
What is the primary reason behind the development of ductal ectasia?
Unknown etiology
Learn about the non-pharmacologic management of benign ovarian tumors, including laparoscopic surgery, treatment options for physiologic cysts in premenopausal women, and the basics of ovarian cancer. Discover how to refer patients to a gynecologist for further diagnosis and treatment.
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