Non-pharmacologic Management of Ovarian Tumors and Ovarian Cancer

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What is a fibroadenoma?

A malignant breast lesion

A breast disorder with nipple discharge

A benign breast lesion with fibrotic stroma and glandular tissue (correct)

A type of ovarian tumor

How are complex fibroadenomas different from simple ones?

Simple fibroadenomas are bigger in size

Complex fibroadenomas show histologic characteristics like cysts and calcifications (correct)

Simple fibroadenomas are associated with nipple discharge

Complex fibroadenomas have unknown etiology

Which characteristic is typical of giant fibroadenomas?

Association with ovarian cancer

Fast-growing mass with poorly defined borders

Presence of nipple discharge

Size greater than five centimeters (correct)

What diagnostic procedures might be necessary for assessing a suspected fibroadenoma?

Mammography and MRI Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of fibroadenomas according to the text?

Exaggerated response to normal hormonal stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic does not apply to fibroadenomas?

Usually associated with nipple discharge Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms associated with multiple papillomas in the breast?

Clusters of masses in smaller ducts away from the nipple Signup and view all the answers

What type of nipple discharge is commonly associated with papillomas?

Red, rusty, brown, greenish discharge Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic tests are recommended for evaluating breast conditions?

Prolactin level and mammogram Signup and view all the answers

Which group of medications may cause bilateral nipple discharge?

Antihypertensives and antidepressants Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of breast cancer screening guidelines among various organizations?

Varied recommendations based on personal history Signup and view all the answers

Which type of breast cancer is described as malignant neoplasm of glandular or stroma cells native to the breast?

Ductal carcinoma in situ Signup and view all the answers

What role do BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play in breast cancer?

Act as tumor suppressor genes with mutation leading to cell cycle progression Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of tumors may interact with estrogen receptors and epidermal growth factor receptors?

~33% Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the common benign conditions related to breast trauma?

Cellulitis leading to abscess formation Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic imaging technique is recommended for breast assessment following nipple discharge presentation?

Ultrasound examination Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common subtype of ovarian cancer?

Epithelial ovarian cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of gynecologic related deaths in women?

Ovarian cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic syndrome increases the risk for colorectal, endometrial, stomach, small bowel, breast, pancreas, and ovarian cancers?

Lynch syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant risk factor for ovarian cancer?

Multiple relatives with breast or ovarian cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which preventive measure has a protective effect against ovarian cancer but is considered controversial?

Aspirin and NSAIDs use Signup and view all the answers

When should high-risk patients undergo pelvic examinations and CA-125 level measurements?

Every six to 12 months Signup and view all the answers

What is advised for mutation carriers after childbearing is completed by the age of 35?

Prophylactic oophorectomy Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible risk factor for ovarian cancer according to some studies?

$BMI > 30$ Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommendation of the US Preventative Services Task Force regarding alcohol use for patients at risk for breast cancer?

Limit alcohol use, as even moderate intake increases risk Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is NOT recommended by the US Preventative Services Task Force for reducing the risk of breast cancer?

Chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the American Cancer Society's stance on monthly breast self-exams?

No longer recommends monthly self-exams Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the US Preventative Services Task Force recommend biennial mammograms?

50 to 74 Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may be a sign of advanced breast cancer?

Swelling and redness of the skin Signup and view all the answers

How should a patient be positioned for visualizing skin dimpling during a breast examination?

Supine Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily dosage of tamoxifen for hormonal therapy?

$20$ milligrams twice daily Signup and view all the answers

'Peau d'orange' refers to a characteristic appearance associated with what condition?

Advanced breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication for genetic testing in breast cancer based on the text?

Having a family member diagnosed with breast cancer at any age Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for breast cancer in the text?

Having a family member with a BRCA mutation Signup and view all the answers

What would indicate the need for genetic testing in a patient with breast cancer according to the text?

Having triple negative ER or PR or HER2 Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals is suggested to have an annual MRI beginning at age 30?

Individuals with a relative risk of 2.1 to 4.0 for breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by having a family member diagnosed with aggressive prostate cancer with a Gleason score greater than seven?

Indication for genetic testing Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would NOT typically lead to the recommendation of genetic testing according to the text?

Alcohol use Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as a risk factor for breast cancer in patients with a relative risk of 1.1 to 2.0?

$2^{nd}$ degree relatives diagnosed at an early age Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary recommendation regarding screening for ovarian cancer in the general population?

Routine use of CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound for screening is not advised Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge associated with the CA-125 tumor marker in ovarian cancer diagnosis?

It can be elevated in benign conditions, leading to false positives Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended management approach for breast lesions less than three centimeters?

Observe, do yearly imaging, and reassure the patient Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor markers are recommended for epithelial ovarian tumors?

CA-125, CA-19-9, and CEA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of fibrocystic breast disease?

Keratin cysts Signup and view all the answers

What physical examination finding is characteristic in patients with confirmed or suspected ovarian cancer?

Abdominal mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common age group affected by intraductal papilloma?

35-50 years Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging study is recommended for evaluating suspected ovarian cancer in high-risk individuals with a family history of the disease?

CT scan with contrast of the abdomen and pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CA 19-9 and CEA tumor markers in mucinous ovarian tumors?

They are better indicators of disease compared to CA-125 Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial recommended dose of spironolactone for fibrocystic breast disease?

100 milligrams daily Signup and view all the answers

What symptom differentiates the acute presentation of ovarian cancer from other conditions?

Calf pain Signup and view all the answers

What increases the lifetime risk of breast cancer in women with intraductal papilloma?

Multiple papillomas Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic separates non-mucinous epithelial tumors from other ovarian cancers?

Elevated inhibin A/B levels on diagnostic testing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason behind the development of ductal ectasia?

Unknown etiology Signup and view all the answers