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Making decisions based solely on efficiency and desired outcomes, regardless of ethical considerations.

Making decisions guided by values and principles, even if achieving success is uncertain.

The idea that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort, strategies, and learning from mistakes.

The belief intelligence is fixed and unchangeable; failure means lacking ability.

A phenomenon where average grades are steadily rising, making it harder to differentiate student performance.

Challenges students face when transitioning from high school to university, including academic pressure and mental health struggles.

University budgets are strained due to factors like limited government funding, rising expenses, and the need to subsidize domestic students with international student fees.

The influence of personal values on decision-making, often highlighted in educational settings.

The process of learning cultural norms and values, primarily through family in early childhood.

A lens to analyze the construction and experience of culture, emphasizing that representations can distorting or replace reality.

When representations (e.g., Instagram personas) distort or replace reality.

The ability of a culture to persist and evolve beyond its initial creators.

The idea that culture is pervasive and encompasses all aspects of society.

Physical items reflecting cultural practices, such as tools, art, and architecture.

Intangible aspects of culture, including beliefs, norms, language, and values.

Standards of morality and ideals that guide a culture's behavior.

Access to resources like tutors, lack of financial stress, and connections in professional networks provide an advantage to those with a high socioeconomic status.

The interconnectedness of the world leads to the spread of diseases through increased travel, but also allows for better disease monitoring and scientific collaboration.

The ability to function mentally and cope with change successfully.

Abnormal behavior patterns that cause distress or impairment in daily life.

The perception and understanding of mental illness varies across cultures and changes over time, making it a socially constructed concept.

Corporations prioritizing profits over public health can lead to misleading information and harmful practices.

Research funded by private industries can be biased, influencing public opinion and sometimes creating doubt in scientific evidence.

The widespread perception of mental illness being linked to violence, particularly due to high incarceration rates of mentally ill individuals, reinforces stigma.

A social status that overshadows all others and shapes a person's life experiences.

The belief that social, economic, and political equality should exist between men and women.

Analyzing how overlapping social identities create compounded discrimination and privilege.

The internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or somewhere along the gender spectrum.

The outward presentation of gender through appearance and behavior.

Harmful norms associated with traditional masculinity, such as emotional repression and aggression.

Inequality built into societal structures, such as wage gaps and educational disparities.

Gender roles perpetuated by societal norms, such as traditional expectations for men and women.

Cultural norms, practices, or technologies that persist despite being outdated or inefficient. Think of the QWERTY keyboard, designed for early typewriters but still relevant for modern computers.

A situation where cultural values and norms lag behind technological advancements and societal changes, creating a gap between societal expectations and reality. Think of how our social interactions are changing with the widespread adoption of technology.

Communication channels that reach a large audience, such as television, internet, or social media, playing a key role in information dissemination, socialization, and entertainment.

The dominance of ruling class ideas that are widely accepted as common sense.

The spread of cultural practices between societies, facilitated by globalization and technological advancements. Think of the global spread of music genres like K-pop or the adoption of smartphones worldwide.

Dissonance arising from conflicting beliefs or values, often stemming from exposure to different cultures or groups. Think of an individual struggling to reconcile their own beliefs with those of the dominant group.

The dissemination of false information for profit or influence, often spreading rapidly through social media. Think of the spread of misinformation during elections or health crises.

The tendency for falsehoods to spread faster than truths due to their novelty and ability to evoke stronger emotional responses. Think of how sensational or shocking stories often go viral on social media.

The idea that race is not a biological reality, but rather a social construct determined by arbitrarily chosen traits like skin color, which are given meaning based on historical and social contexts. For example, the concept of 'race' is tied to the history of slavery in the U.S. and colonization in Canada.

Refers to shared cultural heritage or nationality, including language, religious practices, and traditions. It is often more fluid and identity-based compared to race, and less tied to physical traits.

The gap in pay between men and women for doing similar work. It can be attributed to several factors including occupational segregation, societal expectations about motherhood, and statistical discrimination.

A theory in gender studies that argues that knowledge is shaped by social positions, including gender and race. Marginalized groups can offer unique perspectives on societal structures and power dynamics.

A theory in gender studies that focuses on microlevel interactions and meanings. It examines how gender roles and expectations are reinforced through communication and behavior, leading to inequality and prejudice.

A theory in gender studies that suggests that power imbalances contribute to gender inequality. This theory highlights how institutions and social structures perpetuate male dominance and limit opportunities for women.

A theory in gender studies that views gender inequality as a systemic problem within society that requires structural changes. This theory emphasizes that gender roles and expectations are embedded in social structures and institutions.