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Naturalism in theory development emphasizes understanding phenomena within their specific context, like being in a forest.

Positivism in theory development highlights a scientific, measurable approach, emphasizing testing and structured methods.

An empirical indicator is something measurable, allowing for data collection and analysis to evaluate a theory.

A testable prediction in a theory, a proposed explanation that can be examined through research.

Using research evidence to guide practice decisions and improve outcomes.

Nursing's worldview, encompassing the concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing. It's a global perspective.

The four key elements within nursing's worldview: person, environment, health, and nursing itself.

An approach that emphasizes the individual's perceived reality, where knowledge is created subjectively.

A theory about theory, focusing on knowledge generation and theory development within nursing.

The surroundings affecting a patient, including physical aspects, familiarity, and safety.

Theories in nursing that are more focused and specific than grand theories.

Broad, encompassing theories in nursing.

Approaches to understanding that emphasizes change, questioning the old, and learning from the past with a modern lens.

Defining nursing universally is hard due to varying practices and standards globally, and the emphasis on individualized patient care.

Nursing as a profession has a recognized status, specialized knowledge, and control over training, leading to accountability and public service.

Key characteristics include a defined knowledge base, training control, credentialing, altruism, ethics, formal education, socialization, and autonomy.

Nursing is a field with a philosophy, conceptual framework, and specific knowledge development methodology.

Nursing art involves creativity, individual patient approaches, and intuitive care, while nursing science relies on evidence, best practices, and theories to inform care.

Nursing requires a defined philosophy to guide its practice and knowledge development, often influencing the approach and treatment of patients.

Nursing utilizes a conceptual framework to organize and understand unique concepts and processes in the profession of nursing.

A specified method nursing uses to develop and prove its knowledge and practices.

Learning that happens over time through the interaction of behavior, mental processes, and the environment. It's sequential and experimental, adapting to the world.

Learning that emphasizes emotions as a positive influence. It focuses on human potential and improving human relations skills.

A model of human memory where information flows through sensory, short-term, and long-term stores. Short-term memory is also known as working memory.

Explanations for why we forget information, including decay (the loss of information over time), interference, and loss of retrieval cues.

The idea that working memory has a limit on the amount of information it can process. Long-term memory creates schemas to store large amounts of information.

Theories about how adults learn, emphasizing their self-directedness and the application of learning to real-life situations. 

Different ways people prefer to learn such as visual, auditory, tactile, analytic, and global.

Temporary storage of information used for cognitive operations, such as reasoning and problem-solving. Short-term store.

A set of principles that guide ethical decision-making in healthcare, emphasizing respect for patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.

The patient's right to make informed decisions about their own healthcare, even if those decisions differ from the clinician's recommendations.

The ethical principle of acting in the best interests of the patient, weighing potential benefits against risks and burdens.

The ethical principle of avoiding harm to the patient, including both physical and psychological harm.

The fair and equitable distribution of healthcare resources to all members of society, regardless of factors such as socioeconomic status or other characteristics.

The use of multiple theories to understand a phenomenon, recognizing that no single theory can fully explain complex situations.

A problem-solving approach to clinical decision-making that integrates the best available evidence from research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

EBP emphasizes the use of data-based studies and research evidence over expert opinions to guide clinical decisions and education.

Ethics is the systematic study of right and wrong, aiming to find objective justifications for how we should treat others. Morality, on the other hand, refers to cultural beliefs and values about what is right and wrong. It often reflects societal customs and may contain biases.

Virtue ethics, as proposed by Aristotle, emphasizes developing a virtuous character through fulfilling one's potential. It involves cultivating rational abilities, controlling emotions with wisdom, and acting with knowledge and good judgment.

A key principle in modern ethical theories, the categorical imperative states that we should only act according to rules that we would universally want everyone to follow. This emphasizes treating others with respect and never as mere means to our own ends.

Deontology, based on the work of Kant, focuses on duty-based ethics. It emphasizes absolute and non-negotiable moral laws, regardless of consequences. These laws are considered universal guiding principles.

Egalitarianism, as proposed by Rawls, emphasizes treating everyone equally. It suggests a neutral approach to decision-making by imagining a 'veil of ignorance' where we don't know our own position or advantages.

Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall happiness and well-being by choosing actions that produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It weighs consequences and aims to minimize pain and suffering.

Some ethical theories are knowledge-dependent, relying on experience and evidence from social sciences. Others are knowledge-independent, based on principles of reason and logic, independent of experience.

Casuistry is a method of ethical reasoning based on analogy. It analyzes new cases by comparing them to past, well-established cases with similar features.

Defining nursing universally is complex due to global practice variations and the emphasis on personalized patient care.

Nursing is a profession because it has a recognized status, specialized knowledge, control over training, and accountability to the public.

A profession has a defined knowledge base, authority over training, credentialing, altruistic service, a code of ethics, formal education, long-term socialization, and autonomy.

A guiding set of beliefs that informs nursing practice and knowledge development. Reflects a philosophy of care.

Nursing art involves creativity, intuition, and personalized care, while nursing science applies evidence, best practices, and theories to care.

Nursing constantly evolves through critical reflection and scientific evidence, shaping its methods and knowledge base.

Nursing provides valuable services to society, improving the well-being of individuals and communities.

A middle-range theory that describes the stages of skill development for nurses, from novice to expert, focusing on the gradual accumulation of experience and knowledge.

A middle-range theory that examines the process of transition in individuals and groups, including the nature of transitions, patterns, and interventions.

Practice theories provide a framework for applying theoretical concepts to real-world nursing practice, bridging the gap between academic knowledge and practical application.

The steps involved in developing and refining theories include analyzing concepts, constructing relationships, testing relationships, and validating relationships.

Theories produce two key outputs: concepts, which are the building blocks of a theory, and relationships, which explain how these concepts interact.

Relationships between concepts can be described as descriptive, predictive, explanatory, or prescriptive, revealing how these concepts influence each other.

Theories provide nurses with a foundation for making informed and independent decisions, promoting professional autonomy and critical thinking in practice.

Becoming a skilled clinician requires a mix of real-world experience, reading scientific articles, applying theoretical knowledge, and receiving guidance from experienced mentors.

Patients have the right to participate in decisions about their health, choosing treatments and interventions that align with their personal values and priorities.

This philosophy emphasizes building strong partnerships between healthcare providers and patients, promoting open communication, shared decision-making, and self-awareness.

While best practice guidelines provide valuable information, their implementation needs adaptation to each patient's individual needs, clinical context, and organizational resources.

Nursing theory is constantly evolving, with ongoing needs for developing middle range theories, rigorous testing and refinement, and a strong connection between theory, practice, and research.

A set of ideas that explain how nursing works and helps nurses understand and improve patient care.

Theories help nurses make better, safer decisions, base their practice on evidence, and justify their actions.

The disconnect between the theories learned in school and the practical realities of nursing.

Nurses must consider the goal, context, and specific situation when selecting a theory to guide practice.

Nurses need to consider WHO (recipient), WHERE (location), WHAT (problem), HOW (implementation), WHEN (timing), and the THEORY'S purpose.

Theories used to guide organizational design, leadership, and quality improvement initiatives in healthcare settings.

Theories that guide the development and delivery of nursing curriculum, focusing on the core concepts of the profession.

Theories are vital for guiding research questions, analyzing findings, and informing best practices in nursing.

A broad, abstract idea that's hard to measure directly. It represents a big picture concept or a general aspect of reality.

A specific concept made up of smaller, more concrete ideas. It's measurable and testable when broken down into its parts.

The smallest building block of a theory. It's a well-defined idea that can be observed and measured.

A proposed explanation that describes the relationship between concepts. It's a statement that can be supported or refuted through research.

A set of guidelines that outlines the steps for studying a particular phenomenon. It's like a roadmap for your research.

A representation of a theory or concept. It helps to visualize and explain complex relationships.

Recurring patterns of energy exchange in relationships. These patterns, consistent over time, are often characteristic of an individual's life.

The way we perceive ourselves based on our interpersonal experiences, including feelings, attitudes, values, and beliefs. These are shaped by how we fulfill our needs and manage anxiety in relationships.

Explains personality as learned behavior that can be altered. It focuses on how thinking and behavior are interconnected and emphasizes thought patterns and processes that influence actions. The theory highlights the malleability of thoughts and behaviors.

This theory proposes that behaviors are learned through reinforcement. When a behavior is followed by a reward, it is more likely to be repeated. Conversely, unpleasant stimuli can be used to decrease unwanted behaviors. Consistency is key.

Based on the idea that thoughts can be distorted or inaccurate representations of reality. These distorted interpretations, often rooted in the unconscious mind, can lead to repeated errors in perception and automatic thinking. Cognitive restructuring aims to address these distortions.

This theory posits that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected and can be either rational or irrational. Repeated irrational thinking leads to maladaptive behaviors, potentially causing issues like paranoia or self-blame.

Focus on the person's capacity for self-actualization, emphasizing the inherent ability within each individual to achieve growth and well-being. Humanistic theories value self-determination and individual potential.

Maslow's concept proposes a hierarchy of psychological needs, starting with basic needs like physiological security, and progressing to higher needs like love, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Lower needs must be met before moving to higher ones.