NMDA Receptors and Synaptic Plasticity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which receptor is specifically needed for the functioning of NMDA and glycine?

  • GABAA receptor
  • Glutamate receptor (correct)
  • Glycine receptor
  • GABA receptor

    • Which drug is used to reduce muscle spasms?

  • Sodium thiopental
  • Sevoflurane
  • Propofol
  • Baclofen (correct)

    • Which gas is commonly used as a general anesthetic for conscious sedation?

  • Desflurane
  • Etomidate (correct)
  • Sevoflurane
  • Isoflurane

    • Which toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Clostridium botulinum toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion(s) can pass through the NMDA receptor ion channel when it is activated?

    <p>Ca2+, Na+, and K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mg2+ in the NMDA receptor ion channel?

    <p>Mg2+ blocks the ion channel and prevents it from opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are responsible for the major excitatory action of glutamate on motor neurons?

    <p>AMPA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NMDA receptors in synaptic plasticity and memory?

    <p>NMDA receptors control synaptic plasticity and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 5HT_3 receptor?

    <p>It is found outside the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the VMAT2 transporter?

    <p>It is responsible for reuptake of serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which MDMA (Ecstasy) raises serotonin levels?

    <p>Inhibiting the transport of serotonin into vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

    <p>Inhibition of NET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is GABAB?

    <p>Metabotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor site do benzodiazepines bind to?

    <p>GABAA receptor site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the greatest danger of long-term benzodiazepine use?

    <p>GABA receptor desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor do atypical antipsychotics primarily target?

    <p>5HT2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine?

    <p>Amphetamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main opioid receptor involved in pain modulation and pleasure/euphoria?

    <p>Mu receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Naltrexone?

    <p>Prevent euphoria from opioids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor site do benzodiazepines bind to?

    <p>GABAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the greatest danger of long-term benzodiazepine use?

    <p>Seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion(s) can pass through the NMDA receptor ion channel when it is activated?

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to prevent L-dopa from being converted to dopamine in the periphery?

    <p>Carbidopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors do antipsychotics (neuroleptics) primarily block?

    <p>D2-Like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are considered atypical antipsychotics?

    <p>Olanzapine and Clozapine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug prevents dopamine from being taken up into vesicles?

    <p>Reserpine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is responsible for the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane when serotonin binds to it?

    <p>5HT_3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is responsible for the reuptake of serotonin into vesicles?

    <p>VMAT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antidepressants inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine?

    <p>Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of norepinephrine in the postsynaptic cell?

    <p>COMT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug potentiates the effect of GABA on the GABAA receptor at low doses, but can open the GABAA receptor on its own at high doses?

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is primarily responsible for inhibiting smooth muscle contraction and found on cardiac and smooth muscle?

    <p>M2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction by interfering with vesicle and target SNAREs?

    <p>Clostridium botulinum toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is needed for the functioning of NMDA and glycine, and has specific binding sites for Mg2+, PLP, and Zn?

    <p>NMDA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion(s) can pass through the NMDA receptor ion channel when it is activated?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Naltrexone?

    <p>Blocking opioid receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

    <p>Activating serotonin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mg2+ in the NMDA receptor ion channel?

    <p>It blocks the channel and prevents ion flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is responsible for inhibiting smooth muscle contraction and is found on cardiac and smooth muscle?

    <p>GABAB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly used as a general anesthetic for conscious sedation IV?

    <p>Propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor site do benzodiazepines bind to?

    <p>Benzodiazepine site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is primarily responsible for inhibiting smooth muscle contraction and found on cardiac and smooth muscle?

    <p>GABAB receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine?

    <p>Amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of norepinephrine in the postsynaptic cell?

    <p>Dopamine beta-hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antidepressants inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine?

    <p>Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is responsible for the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane when serotonin binds to it?

    <p>5HT_3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of norepinephrine in the postsynaptic cell?

    <p>MAO-A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antidepressants inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine?

    <p>SNRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor site do benzodiazepines bind to?

    <p>GABA_A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is specifically needed for the functioning of NMDA and glycine, and has specific binding sites for Mg2+, PLP, and Zn?

    <p>NMDA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Naltrexone?

    <p>Blocks the opioid receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to prevent L-dopa from being converted to dopamine in the periphery?

    <p>Carbidopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion(s) can pass through the NMDA receptor ion channel when it is activated?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to prevent L-dopa from being converted to dopamine in the periphery?

    <p>Carbidopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors do antipsychotics primarily block?

    <p>D2-Like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an agonist for D2-Like receptors and many 5HTR agonist?

    <p>Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a VMAT2 inhibitor that prevents dopamine from being taken up into vesicles?

    <p>Reserpine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: GABAA receptors are ionotropic chloride channels?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Benzodiazepines cause GABAA receptors to open by increasing the frequency of chloride channel opening when bound to GABA?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonbenzo have a different structure than benzos but interact with the same GABAA binding site.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturates potentiate GABA action by increasing the length of time GABAA R is open.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturates interact with GABAA receptors, glutamate receptors, and some voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine acts on both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: NMDA receptors are selective agonists that bind to NMDA receptors but not other glutamate receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: NMDA receptors control synaptic plasticity and memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Glutamate opens the NMDA receptor channel when the membrane is depolarized by other ionotropic receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: NMDA receptors are primarily found in the presynaptic membrane and function as autoreceptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) selectively inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine loss is associated with Parkinson's disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naltrexone is used to prevent L-dopa from being converted to dopamine in the periphery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Carbidopa is a decarboxylase inhibitor that prevents L-dopa from being converted to dopamine in the periphery?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Antipsychotics block D2-Like receptors?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Atypical antipsychotics have a lower risk for Tardive Dyskinesia?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Amphetamines raise monoamine levels by competing with dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Benzodiazepines cause GABAA receptors to open by increasing the frequency of chloride channel opening when bound to GABA?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Long-term use of benzodiazepines can lead to downregulation of GABAA receptors?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Carbidopa is a decarboxylase inhibitor that prevents L-dopa from being converted to dopamine in the periphery?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Atypical antipsychotics have a lower risk for Tardive Dyskinesia?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Glutamate opens the NMDA receptor channel when the membrane is depolarized by other ionotropic receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Opiates and opioids interact with mu receptors in the CNS.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The 5HT_3 receptor is a metabotropic receptor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Serotonin autoreceptors inhibit the release of serotonin when the concentration in the synaptic cleft is too high.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) elevate both serotonin and norepinephrine levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) selectively block MAO-B, which leads to an increase in dopamine levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nonbenzo drugs have a different structure than benzodiazepines but interact with the same GABAA binding site?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Barbiturates potentiate GABA action by increasing the length of time the GABAA receptor is open?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: General anesthetics such as Sevoflurane and Desflurane are used for conscious sedation?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Baclofen is a drug used to reduce muscle spasms and acts on GABAB receptors?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: NMDA receptors are selective agonists that bind to NMDA receptors but not other glutamate receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: NMDA receptors control synaptic plasticity and memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: NMDA receptors are blocked by Mg2+ ions and can only open when the membrane is depolarized by other ionotropic receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Excess activation of NMDA receptors can result in an influx of Ca2+ ions into neurons, leading to cell death.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Benzos cause GABAA to open and increase the frequency of Cl- channel opening when bound to GABA?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: NMDA receptors control synaptic plasticity and memory?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nonbenzo drugs have a different structure than benzodiazepines but still interact with the same GABAA binding site.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Barbiturates bind to GABAA receptors, glutamate receptors, and some voltage-sensitive calcium channels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by antibodies that attack nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: NMDA receptors are voltage-dependent ion channels that are blocked by Mg2+ at normal membrane potential?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Glutamate and glycine must both be present for NMDA receptors to open?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Activation of non-NMDA receptors can lead to increased current flow through NMDA receptors?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Phencyclidine (PCP) is an NMDA receptor agonist?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The 5HT_3 receptor is a metabotropic receptor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Serotonin autoreceptors inhibit serotonin release if the concentration in the synaptic cleft gets too high.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) selectively block MAO-A, which leads to an increase in serotonin and norepinephrine levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Carbidopa is a decarboxylase inhibitor used to prevent the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine in the periphery?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Atypical antipsychotics have a lower risk for Tardive Dyskinesia compared to typical antipsychotics?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Oxytocin has anxiolytic and antidepressant effects?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Opioids inhibit GABA release on dopaminergic neurons, resulting in increased dopamine release?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the process of creating a neurotransmitter from its precursors.

    <p>Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ receptors are ionotropic Cl- channels that are depolarized by GABA.

    <p>GABAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ receptors control synaptic plasticity and memory

    <p>NMDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NMDA receptors are blocked by ________

    <p>Mg2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess _________ receptors may play a role in Alzheimer's

    <p>NMDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ketamine is an antagonist of _________ receptors

    <p>NMDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonbenzo have ______ structure than benzos but interact w/ same GABAA binding site

    <p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturates potentiate GABA action by inc length of time GABAA R is ______

    <p>open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturates interact w/ = GABAA + Glutamate Receptors + Some volt sens ______ Channels

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine binds to ______ receptors on skeletal muscle

    <p>nicotinic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    5HT autoreceptors play a role in 5HT release and may push against the effect of any drug that inhibits reuptake of 5HT.

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) inhibit the reuptake of both 5HT and ____.

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) selectively inhibit MAO-___, which has a higher affinity for dopamine.

    <p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atypical antidepressants like Bupropion block reuptake of 5HT, norepinephrine, and _____.

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbidopa is a decarboxylase inhibitor used to prevent the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine in the periphery to keep plasma L-dopa [ ] high.

    <p>levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atypical antipsychotics have a lower risk for Tardive Dyskinesia because they have some D2-like antagonistic activity, but are more active on 5HT_2 receptor and thus have fewer side effects.

    <p>neuroleptics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opioids like morphine, heroin, oxycodone, and hydrocodone, interact with the ______ receptor, which is the major opioid receptor in the CNS.

    <p>mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naloxone is a short-acting ______ receptor antagonist used to treat heroin and other opioid overdose.

    <p>mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synthesis is the process of producing a specific molecule from simpler or more readily available precursors

    <p>Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABA binds to GABAA receptors, which are ionotropic Cl- channels

    <p>GABAB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) selectively inhibit MAO-___, which has a higher affinity for dopamine.

    <p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) selectively inhibit MAO-___, which has a higher affinity for dopamine.

    <p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) selectively inhibit MAO-___, which has a higher affinity for dopamine.

    <p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) selectively inhibit MAO-___, which has a higher affinity for dopamine.

    <p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of NMDA receptors can result in an influx of ______ ions into neurons, leading to cell death.

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzodiazepines cause GABAA receptors to open by increasing the frequency of chloride channel opening when bound to ______?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NMDA receptors are blocked by ______ ions and can only open when the membrane is depolarized by other ionotropic receptors.

    <p>Mg2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonbenzo have ______ structure than benzos but interact w/ same GABAA binding site.

    <p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbidopa is a decarboxylase inhibitor used to prevent the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine in the ______?

    <p>periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atypical antipsychotics have some D2-like antagonistic activity, but are more active on the ______ receptor.

    <p>5HT_2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphetamines raise monoamine levels by several mechanisms of action, including competing with dopamine, 5HT, and norepinephrine for transport into the ______ terminal.

    <p>presynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opiate is defined as any drug derived from the ______ poppy.

    <p>opium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturates potentiate GABA action by increasing the length of time GABAA receptors are ______

    <p>open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baclofen is used to reduce muscle ______

    <p>spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary effect of Naltrexone is to ______

    <p>block opioid receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurotransmitter __________ is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ receptors play a role in serotonin release and may push against the effect of any drug that inhibits reuptake of serotonin

    <p>5HT autoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) inhibit both serotonin and ______ reuptake

    <p>norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ inhibitors are selective for MAO-B and increase dopamine levels

    <p>Selegiline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atypical antidepressants like bupropion block the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and ______

    <p>dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbidopa is a decarboxylase inhibitor that prevents L-dopa from being converted to dopamine in the periphery, keeping plasma L-dopa ______ high

    <p>levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atypical antipsychotics have a lower risk for Tardive Dyskinesia compared to typical antipsychotics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphetamines raise monoamine levels by several mechanisms of action, including competing with dopamine, 5HT, and norepinephrine for transport into the ______ terminal.

    <p>presynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opiates like morphine, heroin, oxycodone, and hydrocodone, and opioids like fentanyl all interact with ______ receptors.

    <p>mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High Glu when binding Kainate = Inhibit Glu release. MOA = Unknown, maybe involve ______ that lower Ca2+ current into presyn membrane

    <p>2nd messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) = selective AGONIST binds NMDA receptors but not other glutamate ______

    <p>R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NMDA over-activation may play role in ______. Beta-Amyloid & NMDA receptors interact = Lead to deleterious effects

    <p>Alzheimer’s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phencyclidine (PCP) aka angel dust Inhibits NMDA R Ketamine 1st used as anesthetic during surgery NMDA R ANTAGONIST by ______ PCP sites

    <p>binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonbenzo have a different structure than benzos but interact with the same GABAA binding site. Advantage = shorter ½ life than benzos (less dependence)

    <p>Half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturates Phenobarbital, Sodium thiopental bind GABAA R. Potentiate GABA action by increasing length of time GABAA R is open. Depress some glutamate receptors. Lower glutamate release & inhibit some voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Barbiturates interact with = GABAA + Glutamate Receptors + Some voltage-sensitive Ca2+ Channels

    <p>Voltage-sensitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    General Anesthetics (Gas) Sevoflurane, Desflurane, Isoflurane. Anesthetics for conscious sedation (IV) Etomidate & Propofol. Given with ______ (benzo) to relax patient & potentiate amnestic effect of sedation.

    <p>Midazolam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycine Presyn Serine Glycine GlyR Ionotropic Cl- Channel VGAT (Same as GABA) Gly-T Presyn ENHANCE Gly release Tetanus ______ V Clostridium tetani Take up by motor presyn terminal at NMJ Retrograde to SC or BS Taken up by INTERNEURONS (RENSHAW) that use Glycine*/GABA & blocks Gly & GABA release by interfering w/ v & t-SNARES

    <p>Toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurotransmitter most common (-) nt in CNS is ______.

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABAA Receptor Binding Sites include Benzodiazepine site (agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist) and ______ site (agonists).

    <p>Barbiturate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABA broken down to Glutamine (GABA Glutamate Glutamine) & txp back to neuron in ______.

    <p>Astrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following integrals with their solutions:

    <p>$\int x^3 dx$ = $\frac{1}{4}x^4 + C$ $\int e^x dx$ = $e^x + C$ $\int cos(x) dx$ = $sin(x) + C$ $\int ln(x) dx$ = $xln(x) - x + C$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following GABA receptors with their types:

    <p>GABAA = Ionotropic Cl- Channel GABAB = Metabotropic GABAC = Ionotropic Cl- Channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drug types to their related GABAA Receptor Binding Sites:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Benzodiazepine site (agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist) Barbiturates = Barbiturate site (agonists) General anesthetics = GABA site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their effect on GABAA receptors:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Increase the frequency of Cl- channel opening when bound to GABA Nonbenzodiazepines = Used for sleep problems Flunitrazepam = Known as forget-me-pill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters to their corresponding receptors:

    <p>NMDA = NMDA Receptor Glu = AMPA Receptor Gly = Kianate Receptor Serotonin = 5HT Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances to their effects on NMDA receptors:

    <p>Phencyclidine (PCP) = Inhibits NMDA Receptor Ketamine = NMDA Receptor Antagonist Nitrous Oxide = Inhibits NMDA Receptor Ethanol = Interferes with Glutamate Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ions to their permeability through different receptors:

    <p>Ca2+ = Nonselective to NMDA Receptor Na+ = Permeable to AMPA and Kianate Receptors K+ = Permeable to AMPA and Kianate Receptors Mg2+ = Blocks NMDA Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases to their potential relation with NMDA receptors:

    <p>Huntington’s = May involve excess NMDA receptors Alzheimer’s = NMDA over-activation may play role Motor disturbances = Major excitatory action of Glutamate on motor neurons Cognitive decline = May involve excess NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary usage:

    <p>Succinylcholine = Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Rocuronium = Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Etomidate &amp; Propofol = Anesthetics for conscious sedation Strychnine = Rodent control poison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters and receptors with their descriptions:

    <p>Glycine = Used to reduce muscle spasms NMDA = Needs Glycine and Glutamate to function GABAB = Ionotropic Cl- Channel nACHR = Inhibited by Alpha-neurotoxin in snake venom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following toxins with their effects:

    <p>Tetanus Toxin = Enhances Glycine release Clostridium botulinum toxin = Prevents Acetylcholine release Sarin Gas = Inhibits Acetylcholinesterase Curare = Antagonist to nACHR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following MACHR subtypes with their functions:

    <p>M1 = Depolarizes postsynaptic neurons by closing K+ channels M2 = Inhibits smooth muscle contraction M3 = Stimulates smooth muscle contraction M4 = Opens K+ channels and inhibits voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary effects:

    <p>L-dopa = Prevents conversion of dopamine in periphery Cocaine = Inhibits DAT, NET, &amp; SERT, increasing dopamine at synapse Haloperidol &amp; Chlorpromazine = Block D2-Like receptors Amphetamines = Raise monoamine levels by several mechanisms of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their primary functions:

    <p>Oxytocin = Anxiolytic &amp; Antidepressant effects Vasopressin = Promotes anxiety &amp; stress response Opioids = Involved in pain modulation &amp; pleasure/euphoria Dopamine = Involved in pair bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their receptor interactions:

    <p>Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) = D2-Like agonist &amp; many 5HTR agonist Atypical antipsychotics = Have some D2-like antagonistic activity, but are more active on 5HT_2 receptor Naloxone = SHORT acting mu ANTAGONIST Naltrexone = LONG-acting mu ANTAGONIST</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their effects on monoamines:

    <p>Reserpine = Prevents dopamine into vesicle, lowering dopamine release Amphetamines = Raise monoamine levels by several mechanisms of action Cocaine = Inhibits DAT, NET, &amp; SERT, increasing dopamine at synapse L-dopa = Prevents conversion of dopamine in periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following equations with their solutions:

    <p>$x^2 - 9 = 0$ = x = -3, 3 $2x + 1 = 0$ = x = -0.5 $x^2 + 2x - 3 = 0$ = x = 1, -3 $x^2 = 16$ = x = -4, 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following GABA receptors with their descriptions:

    <p>GABAA = Ionotropic Cl- Channel GABAB = Metabotropic, GABA binds, Opening K+ channel GABAC = Ionotropic Cl- Channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their effects on GABA receptors:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Bind GABAA Benzo binding sites, potentiate opening of Cl- channel Nonbenzodiazepines = Sleep problem, different structure than benzodiazepines but still interact with the same GABAA binding site Flunitrazepam = Used to managing status epilepticus, can cause seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their role in GABA neurotransmission:

    <p>Glutamine = Presyn precursor to Glutamate and GABA GABA = Inhibits depolarization of postsynaptic membrane VGAT = Transports GABA into vesicles in presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their primary functions:

    <p>NMDA = Control synaptic plasticity and memory function AMPA = Major excitatory action of Glutamate on motor neurons Kianate = Inhibit Glutamate release when binding with high Glu mGluR = EPSP and IPSP Postsyn and Presyn membranes and Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary effects:

    <p>Phencyclidine (PCP) = Inhibits NMDA Receptor Ketamine = NMDA Receptor Antagonist by binding PCP sites Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) = Inhibits NMDA Receptor and Stimulates dopamine, opioid, and alpha 1 and 2 receptors Ethanol = Inhibits Glutamate release by interfering with glutamate receptors and potentiates GABA by interfering with GABA_A receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions with their corresponding neurotransmitter or receptor:

    <p>Selective agonist binds but does not control other glutamate = NMDA Voltage dependent Activation Ion channel blocked by Mg2+ = NMDA Receptor Synaptic plasticity and Learning and Memory = Ca2+ flux through NMDAR Inhibit Glutamate release = High Glu when binding Kianate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their possible cause:

    <p>Huntington’s = Excess NMDA receptors resulting too much Ca2+ into neurons Alzheimer’s = Beta-Amyloid and NMDA receptors interact leading to deleterious effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary usage:

    <p>Carbidopa = Prevents L-dopa from being converted to dopamine in the periphery Cocaine = Inhibits DAT, NET, and SERT, increasing dopamine at synapse Haloperidol &amp; Chlorpromazine = Block D2-Like receptors, used as antipsychotics Naloxone = Short acting mu antagonist, used for opioid overdose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neuropeptides with their effects:

    <p>Oxytocin = Anxiolytic and Antidepressant effects Vasopressin = Promotes anxiety and stress response Endorphins = Involved in pain modulation and pleasure/euphoria Enkephalin = Opioid; involved in pain modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects on dopamine:

    <p>Amphetamines = Raise monoamine levels, competing with dopamine Reserpine = Prevents dopamine into vesicle, lowering dopamine release LSD = D2-Like agonist, causing hallucinations Opioids = Inhibit GABA release on dopaminergic neurons, increasing dopamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their receptor type:

    <p>Oxytocin &amp; Vasopressin = Metabotropic Opioids = Metabotropic LSD = D2-Like agonist and many 5HTR agonist Amphetamines = Affect DAT, SERT and NET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary effects:

    <p>Barbiturates = Potentiate GABA action by increasing length of time GABAA receptor is open General Anesthetics (Gas) = Anesthetics for conscious sedation Baclofen = Used to reduce muscle spasms Succinylcholine = Prolong AChR opening and inactivates Volt sens Na+ channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their receptor interactions:

    <p>Nonbenzo = Interacts with same GABAA binding site as benzos Barbiturates = Interact with GABAA, Glutamate Receptors and some volt sens Ca2+ Channels Rocuronium = nACHR antagonist in NMJ Strychnine = Binds GlyR blocking function (Gly antagonist)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their causes or treatments:

    <p>Skeletal muscle Tetany = Caused by Tetanus Toxin V Clostridium tetani Myasthenia gravis = Caused by autoimmune attack on nACHR Eye strabismus = Treated with Botox Skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis = Caused by Alpha-neurotoxin in snake venom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their functions:

    <p>mACHR = Inhibits Ach release if Synaptic cleft [Ach] gets too high NMDA (GluN) = Needs Gly + Glu to function nACHR (Iono) = Depolarizes postsynaptic neurons by Na+ influx &amp; K+ efflux GABAB = Used by Baclofen to reduce muscle spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following equations with their graph types:

    <p>$y = mx + b$ = Linear $y = ax^2 + bx + c$ = Quadratic $y = a^x$ = Exponential $y = log_a(x)$ = Logarithmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following GABA receptors with their main characteristics:

    <p>GABAA = Ionotropic Cl- Channel GABAB = Metabotropic, found on presynaptic terminals of motor neurons GABAC = Ionotropic Cl- Channel GABAB R's = Found on presynaptic terminals of motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary effects on GABAA receptors:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Potentiate the opening of Cl- channel, increasing frequency of opening when bound to GABA Nonbenzodiazepines (Z Drugs) = Used for sleep problems Barbiturates = Agonists at the barbiturate site General anesthetics = Bind to the GABA site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes involving GABA with their descriptions:

    <p>GABA synthesis = Presynaptic process involving the conversion of Glutamine to Glutamate GABA reuptake = Process by which GABA is either broken down or transported into vesicles GABAB receptor action = GABA binding leads to opening of K+ channel, inhibiting voltage-gated Ca2+ channels GABAA receptor action = Binding of drugs like benzodiazepines potentiate the opening of Cl- channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their effects on monoamines:

    <p>Amphetamines = Raise monoamine levels by several mechanisms Reserpine = Prevents dopamine into vesicle, thus lowering dopamine release Cocaine = Inhibits DAT, NET, &amp; SERT, thus increasing dopamine at synapse Carbidopa = Prevents L-dopa from being converted to dopamine in periphery, keeping plasma L-dopa high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neuropeptides with their effects:

    <p>Oxytocin = Anxiolytic and Antidepressant effects Vasopressin = Promotes anxiety and stress response Endorphins = Involved in pain modulation and pleasure/euphoria Enkephalin = Involved in pain modulation and pleasure/euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their interactions with opioid receptors:

    <p>Heroin = Interacts with mu receptor Oxycodone = Interacts with mu receptor Naloxone = Short acting mu antagonist Naltrexone = Long-acting mu antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their effects on D2-like receptors:

    <p>Antipsychotics = Block D2-like receptors Atypical antipsychotics = Have some D2-like antagonistic activity, but are more active on 5HT_2 receptor Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) = D2-like agonist Haloperidol &amp; Chlorpromazine = Block D2-like receptors, side effect of Tardive Dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary effects:

    <p>Barbiturates = Potentiate GABA action by increasing length of time GABAA receptor is open and depress some glutamate receptors General Anesthetics (Gas) = Used for conscious sedation Acetylcholine = Depolarizes postsynaptic membrane by closing K+ channels creating EPSP Sarin Gas = Inhibits Acetylcholinesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their functions:

    <p>GABAB = Used to reduce muscle spasms nACHR (Iono) = Involved in Na+ influx &amp; K+ efflux mACHR (Metab) M1 = Depolarizes postsynaptic membrane by closing K+ channels creating EPSP IONOTROPIC GLUTAMATE R = Most common (+) neurotransmitter in CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug or toxin with its effect on the synaptic cleft:

    <p>Tetanus Toxin = Interferes with v and t-SNARES leading to skeletal muscle tetany Clostridium botulinum toxin = Prevents Ach release leading to skeletal muscle paralysis Anticholinergic drugs Atropine = Antagonist to all 5 mACHR used to dilate pupils Succinylcholine = Prolongs AChR opening and inactivates Volt sens Na+ channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters and drugs with their corresponding receptors:

    <p>Nonbenzo drugs = GABAA receptor Barbiturates = GABAA, Glutamate Receptors, Some volt sens Ca2+ Channels General Anesthetics (Gas) = GABAB receptor Acetylcholine = nACHR (Iono), mACHR (Metab)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters and receptors with their specific characteristics:

    <p>NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) = Selective agonist that binds NMDA receptors but not other glutamate receptors, controls synaptic plasticity and memory function Kianate (GluK) = Functions as autoreceptor, high Glu when binding Kainate inhibits Glu release AMPA (GluA) = Na+ and K+ permeable, not Ca2+ permeable, major excitatory action of Glutamate on motor neurons Serotonin (5HT) = Presyn Tryptophan 5HT, many 5HT receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their effect on NMDA receptors:

    <p>Phencyclidine (PCP) = Inhibits NMDA receptors Ketamine = NMDA receptor antagonist by binding PCP sites Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) = Inhibits NMDA receptors Ethanol = Inhibits Glu release by interfering with glutamate receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their potential cause related to NMDA receptors:

    <p>Huntington’s = Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease, may involve excess NMDA receptors Alzheimer’s = NMDA over-activation may play role, Beta-Amyloid and NMDA receptors interact leading to deleterious effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their roles in Glutamate neurotransmission:

    <p>VGLUT1 &amp; VGLUT2 = Transport Glutamate into vesicle EAAT = Present in both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes and Astrocytes, picks up Glu via EAAT2 Astrocyte = Picks up Glu via EAAT2, converts Glu to GluN GluN = Transporter that releases GluN from astrocyte then takes it up into Presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

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