Nitrogenous Wastes Excretion in Vertebrates 4

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Why are the terms poikilothermy and homeothermy no longer considered appropriate in describing animal temperature regulation?

They are not applicable to groups of animals and do not accurately describe the variability of body temperature.

What is the key difference between ectotherms and endotherms in thermoregulation?

The source of heat used to maintain body temperature, with ectotherms relying on external sources and endotherms relying on metabolic production.

Provide an example of how a homeotherm can experience more variation in body temperature than a poikilotherm?

Some mammals allow their body temperatures to drop 20°C or more from their normal levels at night and in the winter, while many fishes live in water that changes temperature less than 2°C in an entire year.

What is the meaning of the Greek prefix 'ecto' in the term ectotherm?

Outside Signup and view all the answers

How do ectotherms primarily gain heat to maintain their body temperature?

From external sources, such as basking in the sun or resting on a warm rock. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of heat used by endotherms to maintain their body temperature?

Metabolic production of heat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Q10 value of the enzyme lactic dehydrogenase from a lungfish between 35°C and 40°C?

1.4 Signup and view all the answers

How do roadrunners use solar energy to regulate their body temperature?

They bask in the sun, raising their feathers to expose an area of black skin. Signup and view all the answers

How much energy can a roadrunner save per hour by using solar energy to raise its body temperature?

132 joules Signup and view all the answers

How do female pythons regulate the temperature of their eggs?

They coil around their eggs and produce heat by rhythmic contraction of their trunk muscles. Signup and view all the answers

How does the metabolic rate of a female python change when she is brooding her eggs?

It increases by about 20 times. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of studying the actual mechanisms used to regulate body temperature in vertebrates?

It is necessary to make cautious generalizations about body temperature and thermoregulatory capacities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for excreting nitrogenous wastes primarily as ammonia?

Ammonotelism Signup and view all the answers

What type of nitrogenous waste excretion is characteristic of mammals?

Ureotelism Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of urea in human nitrogenous waste?

82% Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of excreting urea over ammonia?

Urea is less toxic than ammonia Signup and view all the answers

How do bony fishes primarily excrete nitrogenous waste?

Through the skin and gills as well as in urine, primarily as ammonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for excreting nitrogenous wastes primarily as uric acid?

Uricotelism Signup and view all the answers

What is regional heterothermy, and what is a remarkable example of it in some fishes?

Regional heterothermy refers to different temperatures in different parts of an animal's body. A remarkable example is some fishes that maintain body temperatures 15°C warmer than the surrounding water. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge a fish faces when trying to raise its body temperature, and how does it overcome this challenge?

The main challenge is heat loss to the water through the gills. Fish overcome this by limiting heat loss using a countercurrent system of blood flow in retia mirabilia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the retia mirabilia in some shark species, and what is the result of this adaptation?

The retia mirabilia retain heat produced by the swimming muscles, keeping them 5°C to 10°C warmer than the water temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What group of teleosts has evolved endothermal heat production, and what are some examples of fishes in this group?

Scombroid fishes, including mackerels, tunas, billfishes, swordfish, and marlins, have evolved endothermal heat production. Signup and view all the answers

How do fish like sharks and scombroids maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water?

They produce endothermal heat through muscle activity, which is then retained and conserved using specialized blood vessels, such as retia mirabilia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of countercurrent blood flow in retia mirabilia for heat retention in fish?

Countercurrent blood flow in retia mirabilia helps to conserve heat by warming cold arterial blood from the gills with heat from the warm venous blood leaving the tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the countercurrent system in some aquatic animals?

To keep critical parts of their bodies warm. Signup and view all the answers

How do mammals, as endotherms, generate heat to warm their bodies?

Through their high metabolic rates and muscular metabolism that accompanies activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the furry body covering (pelage) in terrestrial mammals?

To trap metabolic heat in the dead air spaces between hairs and reduce heat loss from the body. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the furry body covering less effective in water?

Because water displaces the air between the hairs, causing the coat to lose its insulative properties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature of the core muscle in bluefin tuna, according to Figure 4-14?

31.4°C. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for estimating the muscle temperature (Tmuscle) of bluefin tuna, based on the water temperature (Tw)?

Tmuscle = 25.3 + 0.24Tw. Signup and view all the answers

The rates of most chemical reactions increase or decrease when the ______ changes.

temperature Signup and view all the answers

Reptiles, including birds, are primarily ______, but here again all three of the major nitrogenous compounds are present.

uricotelic Signup and view all the answers

The ratio of the rate at one temperature and the rate at a temperature 10°C higher is called ______.

Q10 Signup and view all the answers

The pathway for synthesis of ______ acid is complex and requires more energy than synthesis of urea.

uric Signup and view all the answers

The standard metabolic rate (SMR) of an organism is the minimum rate of ______ consumption needed to sustain life.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

The SMR does not include the costs of activities like ______ or growth.

locomotion Signup and view all the answers

The advantage of ______ acid lies in its low solubility: it precipitates from the urine and is excreted as a semisolid paste.

uric Signup and view all the answers

If the SMR of a fish is 2 joules per minute at 10°C and the Q10 is 2, the fish will use 4 joules per minute at 20°C and 8 joules per minute at 30°C, which means the fish must eat a corresponding increase in ______.

food Signup and view all the answers

Some species of reptiles change the proportions of the three compounds depending on the ______ balance of the animal.

water Signup and view all the answers

Organisms have been called bags of chemicals catalyzed by ______.

enzymes Signup and view all the answers

The energy cost of living is affected by changes in ______ temperature.

body Signup and view all the answers

Because temperature influences the rates at which chemical reactions proceed, temperature vitally affects the ______ processes of organisms.

life Signup and view all the answers

Terrestrial ectotherms, like lizards and ______, have activity temperatures between 30°C and 40°C.

turtles Signup and view all the answers

Roadrunners are predatory birds living in the deserts of the southwestern United States and adjacent ______.

Mexico Signup and view all the answers

On cold nights, roadrunners allow their body temperatures to fall from the normal level of 38°C or 39°C down to ______ or lower.

35°C Signup and view all the answers

The maximum swimming speed of a goldfish increases up to about ______ and then falls.

30°C Signup and view all the answers

Spontaneous activity by a goldfish peaks at around ______ and falls as the temperature increases.

20°C Signup and view all the answers

Between 10°C and 20°C the rate doubles from 50 to 100, which is a Q10 of ______.

2.0 Signup and view all the answers

The rate of contraction increases as air temperature falls, and a female Indian ______ is able to maintain her eggs close to 30°C at air temperatures as low as 23°C.

python Signup and view all the answers

Deviations from general patterns of temperature regulation go the other way as well.______ are normally ectothermal, but the females of several species of pythons coil around their eggs and produce heat by rhythmic contraction of their trunk muscles.

Snakes Signup and view all the answers

The activity of the enzyme ______ dehydrogenase from a lungfish increases slowly from 25°C to 35°C.

lactic Signup and view all the answers

Responses to Temperature 91 bask in the sun, raising the feathers on their backs to expose an area of black ______.

skin Signup and view all the answers

Calculations indicate that a roadrunner can save 132 joules per hour by using solar energy instead of ______ to raise its body temperature.

metabolism Signup and view all the answers

The rate of ______ of the enzyme lactic dehydrogenase from a lungfish increases slowly from 25°C to 35°C.

activity Signup and view all the answers

As an object gets larger, it has progressively less ______ area in relation to its volume.

surface Signup and view all the answers

The biological significance of the surface/volume ratio lies in the conclusion that bigger species exchange energy with the environment less rapidly than smaller species, merely because of the difference in ______ ratios.

surface/volume Signup and view all the answers

Simply being big gives an animal some independence of external temperature because heat cannot flow rapidly into or out of a large body through its relatively small ______.

surface Signup and view all the answers

This is a form of thermoregulation called ______.

gigantothermy Signup and view all the answers

If an animal is large enough, its body temperature will be stable simply because it's so big; this is a form of ______.

thermoregulation Signup and view all the answers

Exchange between an animal and its environment occurs through its body ______.

surface Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogenous Wastes Excretion in Vertebrates 4

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Questions and Answers

Why are the terms poikilothermy and homeothermy no longer considered appropriate in describing animal temperature regulation?

What is the key difference between ectotherms and endotherms in thermoregulation?

Provide an example of how a homeotherm can experience more variation in body temperature than a poikilotherm?

What is the meaning of the Greek prefix 'ecto' in the term ectotherm?

How do ectotherms primarily gain heat to maintain their body temperature?

What is the primary source of heat used by endotherms to maintain their body temperature?

What is the Q10 value of the enzyme lactic dehydrogenase from a lungfish between 35°C and 40°C?

How do roadrunners use solar energy to regulate their body temperature?

How much energy can a roadrunner save per hour by using solar energy to raise its body temperature?

How do female pythons regulate the temperature of their eggs?

How does the metabolic rate of a female python change when she is brooding her eggs?

What is the importance of studying the actual mechanisms used to regulate body temperature in vertebrates?

What is the term for excreting nitrogenous wastes primarily as ammonia?

What type of nitrogenous waste excretion is characteristic of mammals?

What is the percentage of urea in human nitrogenous waste?

What is the advantage of excreting urea over ammonia?

How do bony fishes primarily excrete nitrogenous waste?

What is the term for excreting nitrogenous wastes primarily as uric acid?

What is regional heterothermy, and what is a remarkable example of it in some fishes?

What is the main challenge a fish faces when trying to raise its body temperature, and how does it overcome this challenge?

What is the function of the retia mirabilia in some shark species, and what is the result of this adaptation?

What group of teleosts has evolved endothermal heat production, and what are some examples of fishes in this group?

How do fish like sharks and scombroids maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water?

What is the significance of countercurrent blood flow in retia mirabilia for heat retention in fish?

What is the purpose of the countercurrent system in some aquatic animals?

How do mammals, as endotherms, generate heat to warm their bodies?

What is the function of the furry body covering (pelage) in terrestrial mammals?

Why is the furry body covering less effective in water?

What is the temperature of the core muscle in bluefin tuna, according to Figure 4-14?

What is the formula for estimating the muscle temperature (Tmuscle) of bluefin tuna, based on the water temperature (Tw)?

The rates of most chemical reactions increase or decrease when the ______ changes.

Reptiles, including birds, are primarily ______, but here again all three of the major nitrogenous compounds are present.

The ratio of the rate at one temperature and the rate at a temperature 10°C higher is called ______.

The pathway for synthesis of ______ acid is complex and requires more energy than synthesis of urea.

The standard metabolic rate (SMR) of an organism is the minimum rate of ______ consumption needed to sustain life.

The SMR does not include the costs of activities like ______ or growth.

The advantage of ______ acid lies in its low solubility: it precipitates from the urine and is excreted as a semisolid paste.

If the SMR of a fish is 2 joules per minute at 10°C and the Q10 is 2, the fish will use 4 joules per minute at 20°C and 8 joules per minute at 30°C, which means the fish must eat a corresponding increase in ______.

Some species of reptiles change the proportions of the three compounds depending on the ______ balance of the animal.

Organisms have been called bags of chemicals catalyzed by ______.

The energy cost of living is affected by changes in ______ temperature.

Because temperature influences the rates at which chemical reactions proceed, temperature vitally affects the ______ processes of organisms.

Terrestrial ectotherms, like lizards and ______, have activity temperatures between 30°C and 40°C.

Roadrunners are predatory birds living in the deserts of the southwestern United States and adjacent ______.

On cold nights, roadrunners allow their body temperatures to fall from the normal level of 38°C or 39°C down to ______ or lower.

The maximum swimming speed of a goldfish increases up to about ______ and then falls.

Spontaneous activity by a goldfish peaks at around ______ and falls as the temperature increases.

Between 10°C and 20°C the rate doubles from 50 to 100, which is a Q10 of ______.

The rate of contraction increases as air temperature falls, and a female Indian ______ is able to maintain her eggs close to 30°C at air temperatures as low as 23°C.

Deviations from general patterns of temperature regulation go the other way as well.______ are normally ectothermal, but the females of several species of pythons coil around their eggs and produce heat by rhythmic contraction of their trunk muscles.

The activity of the enzyme ______ dehydrogenase from a lungfish increases slowly from 25°C to 35°C.

Responses to Temperature 91 bask in the sun, raising the feathers on their backs to expose an area of black ______.

Calculations indicate that a roadrunner can save 132 joules per hour by using solar energy instead of ______ to raise its body temperature.

The rate of ______ of the enzyme lactic dehydrogenase from a lungfish increases slowly from 25°C to 35°C.

As an object gets larger, it has progressively less ______ area in relation to its volume.

The biological significance of the surface/volume ratio lies in the conclusion that bigger species exchange energy with the environment less rapidly than smaller species, merely because of the difference in ______ ratios.

Simply being big gives an animal some independence of external temperature because heat cannot flow rapidly into or out of a large body through its relatively small ______.

This is a form of thermoregulation called ______.

If an animal is large enough, its body temperature will be stable simply because it's so big; this is a form of ______.

Exchange between an animal and its environment occurs through its body ______.

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